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MARSH,  CAPEN  &  LYO^. 

No.  133,  Washington  St.  Boston, 

PUBLISH    THE    FOLLOWING 

VAIiUABIiE   BOOK^. 

PHRENOLOGY,  OR  THE  DOCTRINE 
OF  THE  MENTAL  PHENOMENA,  in  two 

volumes  8vo.  Vol.  I.  Physiological  Part,  Vol. 
n.  Philosophical  Part,  with  Plates.  By  J.  G. 
Spurzheim,  M.  D.     3d.  American  edition. 

This  work  gives  a  full  view  of  the  Science  of 
Phrenology,  and  furnishes  numerous  facts  illus- 
trative of  the  principles  of  human  nature. 

PHRENOLOGY  in  connexion  with  Physiog- 
nomy. Illustration  of  Characters,  with  thirty-five 
plates.  One  volume  royal  8vo.  By  J.  G. 
Spurzheim,  M.  D.  To  which  is  prefixed  a  Biog- 
raphy of  the  Author.     By  Nahum  Capen. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  DERANGED 
MANIFESTATIONS  OF  THE  MIND,  OR 
INSANITY.  One  vol.  8vo.  By  J.  G.  Spurz- 
heim, M.  D.  With  an  Appendix.  By  A.  Brig- 
ham,  M.  D.     First  American  edition. 

"  An  invaluable  treatise,  frqm  the  pen  of  one  who, 
probably,  was  more  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
nature  and  diseases  of  the  brain  than  any  man  living. 
It  is  full  of  interest."— JV*.  Y.  Mrror. 

A  VIEW  OF  THE  ELEMENTARY 
PRINCIPLES  OF  EDUCATION  FOUND- 
ED ON  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  NATURE 


OF  MAN.  One  vol.  12mo.  By  J.  G.  Spurz- 
heim,  M.  D.     Third  American  edition. 

"Messrs.  Mai-sh,  Capen  &  Lyon,  have  pubHshed 
another  of  the  works  of  the  lamented  Spurzheim  on  his 
favorite  subject.  It  is  all  worth  its  weight  in  gold." — 
Evening  Gazette. 

"  To  gentlemen  engaged  in  the  important  and  respon- 
sible business  of  education,  it  is,  perhaps,  of  greater 
value  than  that  of  any  other  similar  work  in  print." — 
Boston  Mirror. 

PHILOSOPHICAL  CATECHISM  OF 
THE  NATURAL  LAWS  OF  MAN.  One 
vol.  18  mo.  By  J.  G.  Spurzheim,  M.  D.  Third 
American  edition. 

"  Men  have  long  been  treated  as  children  ;  they  have 
been  taught  that  ignorance  and  credulity  are  virtues, 
and  that  fear  is  wisdom ;  and  that  they  may  glorify 
God  by  flattery  rather  than  by  moral  excellency." — 
Extract  from  Preface. 

OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY.  Being 
also  a  Manual  of  Reference  for  the  Marked  Bust. 
One  vol.  18mo.  By  J.  G.  Spurzheim,  M.  D. 
Third  American  edition. 

EXAMINATION  OF  THE  OBJECTIONS 

made  in  Britain  against  the  doctrines  of  Gall  and 
Spurzheim.  By  J.  G.  Spurzheim,  M.  T>.  And 
Article  of  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Review. 
By  Rich.  Chenevix,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  &c.  With 
notes  by  Dr.  Spurzheim.     One  vol.  12mo. 

PROF.  POLLEN'S  ORATION,  delivered 
at  the  Funeral  of  Spurzheim.     Nov.  17,  1832. 

SPURZHEIM'S  ANATOMY    OF   THE 


BRAIN,  with  a  general  view  of  the  Nervous 
System.  With  an  Appendix  —  with  18  plates. 
First  American  edition,  revised. 

REMARKS  ON  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 
MENTAL  CULTIVATION  AND  MEN- 
TAL   EXCITEMENT    UPON    HEALTH. 

One  Vol.  l!2mo.  By  Amariah  Brigham,  M.  D. 
Second  Edition. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  MENTAL  DE- 
RANGEMENT. Being  an  appUcation  of  the 
Principles  of  Phrenology  to  the  elucidation  of  the 
causes,  symptoms,  nature,  and  treatment  of  Insan- 
ity.    By  Andrew  Combe,  M.  D. 

COMBE'S  PHRENOLOGY.  A  System  of 
Phrenology  by  George  Combe,  late  President  of 
the  Phrenological  Society — Second  American, 
revised  and  enlarged  from  the  third  Edinburgh 
edition. 

COMBE'S  ELEMENTS  OF  PHRENOL- 
OGY.  Elements  of  Phrenology,  by  George 
Combe,  late  President  of  the  Phrenological  Soci- 
ety, Edinburgh  Second  American,  from  the  third 
Edinburgh  edition,  improved  and  enlarged,  with 
plates. 

ANNALS  OF  PHRENOLOGY;  to  consist 
of  Articles  from  the  Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  Lon- 
don Phrenological  Journals,  and  of  such  original 
papers,  as  may  be  selected  and  approved  by  the 
Boston  Phrenological  Society. 

Each  number  will  contain  128  octavo  pages. 
Published  Quarterly — Price  3  dolls,  per  annum. 
The  numbers  are  sold  separately. 


OUTLINES 


PHRENOLOGY: 


G.  S  P  U  R  Z  H  E  I M,  M.  D. 

OF  THE  UNIVERSITIES  OF  VIENNA  AND  PARIS,  AND 

UCENTIATE  OF  THE  ROYAL  COIiLEGE  OF 

PHYSICIANS  OF  LONDON. 

BEING  ALSO 

A  MANUEL  OF  REFERENCE  FOR  THE  MARKED  BUST. 


THIRD      ED  I  TI  ON. 


BOSTON: 

MARSH,     CAPEN    AND     LYON, 
AND   CONCORD,   N.    H. 

1834. 


^T 


^70 

c: 


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rf  :^A 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1832, 

By  Marsh,  Capen  and  Lyoiv, 

Q  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


PREFACE. 


The  aim  of  this  small  Volume,  is  to 
convey  a  brief  but  comprehensive  view  of 
the   elementary   notions   of   Phrenology. 
The  details  of  this  science  are  considered 
in  Dr.  GalPs  work,  in  my  own  publica- 
tions,   and  in  Mr.  Combe's   System  of 
Phrenology.    Illustrative  observations  ate 
also  contained  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Edinburgh  Phrenological  Society,  and  in 
the  Pln-enological  Journal  of  the  same  city. 
The  various  extensive  collections  of  casts 
in  London,  Edinburgh,  Paris,  &c.  famish 
ample  evidence   of   the   data   on  which 
phrenology  is  founded.     I  hope  that  be- 
fore long  they  will  not  be  wanting  on  this 
side  of  the  globe.     Nature  is  constant  and 
ever  within  the  reach  of  those  who  would 
examine  for  themselves,  and  by  self-exam- 
ination, obtain  self- conviction  of  truth. 


IV  PREFACE. 

I  shall  divide  these  Outlines  into  three 
Sections,  and  consider  in  the  first,  the 
principles  of  Plirenology ;  in  the  second, 
the  special  faculties  of  the  mind,  and  their 
respective  organs ;  and  make  some  re- 
marks in  the  third,  on  the  usefulness  and 
practical  application  of  this  science. 


CONTENTS. 


SECTION  I. 

General  Principles  of  Phrenology. 

Page 
Object  of  Phrenology         ....  1 

Influence  of  temperament  on  the  mental  func- 
tions       .......         2 

Influence  of  the  viscera  on  the  feelings         ,         5 
The  brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind,  as  well  of 
its  affective  as  of  its  intellectual  manifesta- 
tions        .......         6 

Objections 7 

Absolute  or  proportionate  size  of  the  brain  .         8 
Plurality  of  mental  power  and  of  cerebral  or- 
gans   10 

Means  of  determining  the  functions  of  the  cer- 
ebral parts  11 

Proceeding  of  Gall  ...         .13 

The  size  of  the  cerebral  parts  may  be  ascertain- 
ed by  the  external  shape  and  size  of  the  . 
head        .......      15 


CONTENTS. 

Phrenology  is  founded  on  observation  and  in- 
duction .         .         .         .         .         .         18 

Circumstances  which  induce  Phrenologists  to 
consider  a  faculty  as  special  or  fundamen- 
tal   18 

The  special  powers  of  the  mind  must  be  point- 
ed out,  and  the  nomenclature  of  the  organs 
established  accordingly  .         .  .  18 

Order  in  which  the  organs  may  be  examined        19 

Best  manner  of  studying  Phrenology  .         22 

SECTION  II. 

Special  Faculties  of  the  Mind. 

ORDER  I. — Feelings,  or  Affective  Faculties 
GENUS  I. — Propensities. 


1    Desire  to  live 

.     24 

*    Ahmentiveness 

.     25 

1.  Destructiveness 

.     ib. 

2.  Amativeness 

.     28 

3.  Philoprogenitiveness 

.     29 

4.  Adhesiveness 

.     30 

5.  Inhabitiveness 

.     31 

6.  Combativeness           .         .         .         . 

.     33 

7.  Secretiveness              .          .         .         . 

.     34 

8.  Acquisitiveness          .         .         ,         . 

'      .     35 

9.  Constructiveness 

.     36 

CONTENTS. 


GENUS  II — Sentiments. 


10.  Cautiousness 

.     38 

11.  Approbativeness 

.     38 

12.  Self-esteem 

.     40 

13.  Benevolence 

.     41 

14.  Reverence 

.     43 

15.  Firmness         .... 

.     44 

16.  Conscientiousness 

.     45 

17.  Hope 

46 

18.  Marvellousness 

.     47 

19.  Ideality 

.     48 

20.  Mirthfulness 

.     49 

21.  Imitation          .         .         .         .         . 

.     50 

ORDER  II. — Intellectual  Faculties 
GENUS  I.— External  Senses. 


Voluntary  motion 

.     51 

Feeling 

.     57 

Taste               .         .         .         . 

.     ib. 

Smell               .         .         .         . 

.     ib. 

Hearing          .         .         .         . 

.     58 

Sight                .         .         .         . 

.     ib. 

GENUS  n. — Perceptive  Faculties. 
22.  Individuality  . 


59 


CONTENTS. 

23.  Configuration          .... 

.     60 

24.  Size        .         .         . 

.     ib. 

25,  Weight  and  resistance 

.     61 

26.  Coloring 

.    ib. 

27.  Locality 

.     63 

28.  Order 

.     64 

29.  Calculation     .         .         . 

.     65 

30.  Eventuality     .         .         .    "     . 

.     ib. 

31.  Time 

.     66 

32.  Tune            '  •         • 

.     67 

33.  Artificial  language 

.     68 

GENUS  III.— Reflective  Faculties. 

34.  Comparison              .... 

.     69 

35.  Causality 

.     70 

SECTION  III 

Usefulness  op  Phrenology. 

Phrenology  in  relation  to  Morality  and  Reli- 
gion ......     73 

Phrenology  is  the  true  philosophy  .         .     82 

Phrenology  is  indispensable  to  the  study  of  In- 
sanity ......     87 

Phrenology  guides  our  judgment  in  social  in- 
tercourse ......     92 

Phrenology  is  the  basis  of  education     .        .    94 


OUTLINES    OF    PHRENOLOGY, 


SECTION  L 

GENERAL    PRINCIPLES. 

Introductory  View. 

The  name  Phrenologij  is  derived  from  two 
Greek  words,  •fp'?"  mind,  and  Aoyos  discourse. 
I  have  chosen  it  to  designate  the  doctrine  of  the 
special  manifestations  of  the  mind,  and  of  the  bod- 
ily conditions  under  which  they  have  place.  Man 
not  being  endowed  with  powers  to  perceive  the 
essences  of  things,  cannot  know  the  mind  in  itself, 
nor  its  beginning,  nor  its  manner  of  acting,  nor  its 
final  destination.  These  points  are  objects  of 
metaphysical  and  theological  inquiry. 

It  is  evidently  necessary  first  to  know  the  nature 
and  extent  of  phrenological  principles,  before  their 
usefulness  and  practical  application  can  be  con- 
1 


2  OUTLINES  OP  PHRENOLOGT. 

ceived.  Considerations  of  that  kind,  therefore, 
are  reserved  for  the  last  Section.  I  here  merely 
state  that  Phrenology  concerns  the  most  important 
element  in  the  nature  of  man  :  the  manifestations 
of  his  affective  and  intellectual  faculties  ;  and  that 
it  seems  impossible  to  point  out  any  object  more 
interesting  to  natural  philosophers,  anatomists, 
physiologists,  physioians,  teachers,  moralists  and 
legislators. 


CHAP.  I. 

On  Temperaments. 

It  is  an  ancient  doctrine,  that  the  mind  and  bo- 
dy exercise  a  mutual  influence  upon  each  other. 
The  bodily  constitution  called  temperament,  has 
long  been  and  is  still  often  considered  sufficient  to 
explain  the  great  differences  of  the  mental  dispo- 
sitions of  man.  A  bilious  constitution,  for  in- 
stance, is  said  to  be  the  cause  of  irascibility  and 
stubbornness,  of  sound  judgment  and  mental  pene- 
tration ;  whilst  a  sanguine  temperament,  as  it  is 
thought;    produces  memory,  but   less  judgment, 


TEMPERAMENTS.  3 

amiable  feelings,  and  attachment  to  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

The  doctrine  of  the  temperaments  as  producing 
determinate  powers,  may  be  easily  refuted,  since 
there  is  no  regular  and  constant  relation  between 
the^temperaments  and  mental  functions.  Every 
sort  of  talent,  and  every  kind  of  feeling,  may  be  ob- 
served along  with  every  variety  of  temperament. 
In  Phrenology,  hojvever,  it  is  admitted  that  more 
or  less  activity  in  the  digestive,  circulatory,  respi- 
ratory, secretory,  and  other  systems,  greatly  mod- 
ifies the  whole  constitution  of  the  body  in  general, 
and  that  of  the  brain  in  particular,  but  it  is  denied 
that  the  special  or  primitive  manifestations  of  the 
mind,  result  from  the  corporeal  constitution.  This 
only  gives  more  or  less  activity  and  perfection  to 
the  fundamental  faculties. 

I  admit  four  different  temperaments,  as  four 
different  degrees  of  activity  in  the  powers.  The 
first,  styled  lymphatic  or  phlegmatic  is  recognized 
by  a  pale  thick  skin,  round  form,  repletion  of  the 
cellular  tissue  by  fatness,  softness  of  the  muscular 
system.,  thick  lips,  fair  hair  and  by  languid  vital 
actions,  with  tardiness  and  weakness  in  the  whole 
of  the  vegetative,  affective,  and  intellectual  func- 
tions. 


4  OUTLINES  OF   PHRENOLOGY. 

The  second,  or  sanguine  constitution,  is  dis- 
tinguishable by  moderate  plumpness  of  person, 
and  tolerable  firmness  of  flesh,  light  hair  inclin- 
ing to  chesnut,  blue  eyes,  fair  complexion,  great 
activity  of  the  blood-vessels,  easy  perspiration  and 
an  animated  countenance. 

The  bilious  temperament,  combined  with  still 
greater  energy,  is  proclaimed  by  the  black  hair, 
dark  skin,  moderate  fulness  and  firmness  of  flesh, 
harshly  expressed  outline  of  the  person,  and  by 
the  strong,  marked,  aad  decided  countenance. 

The  nervous,  and  the  most  active  temperament, 
is  characterized  by  fine  thin  hair,  delicate  health, 
thin  skin,  emaciation  of  muscles,  quickness  in 
muscular  motion,  and  vivacity  of  sensations.  In 
my  work  on  Characters,  PI.  I.  each  of  these 
four  temperaments  is  exemplified  by  a  portrait. 

It  must  be  added,  that  these  temperaments 
are  seldom  pure  and  distinct,  but  mostly  mixed. 


riSCERA.  ""^  9 

i 

CHAP.  II. 

On  the  influence  of  the  viscera  on  feeling. 

A  great  number  of  philosophers  and  physicians 
derived  the  feelings  from  different  viscera  of  the 
chest  and  abdomen.  It  is  true  that  man  and  an- 
imals when  affected  by  strong  feelings  of  joy,  fear, 
anger,  and  so  on,  feel  some  motion  in  the  viscera. 
But  it  may  be  answered  generally  that  from  vari- 
ous phenomena  exhibited  by  different  parts  of  the 
body,  it  is  impossible  to  infer  that  the  primitive 
causes  of  the  sensations  are  inherent  there.  The 
activity  of  one  part  commonly  produces  differer 
phenomena  in  others  on  account  of  their  connexion. 
Sorrow  makes  the  tears  flow,  but  who  asserts  that 
sorrow  resides  in  the  lachrymal  gland  ?  The  viscera 
and  the  brain  are  under  mutual  influence.  Indi- 
gestible aliments  occasion  headach,  and  strong 
emotions  of  the  mind  disturb  the  functions  of 
the  viscera.  There  is  neither  in  animals  nor  in 
man  any  relation  between  their  viscera  and  affec- 
tive tendencies.  The  influence  of  the  viscera  on 
the  mental  phenomena  is  only  mediate. 


OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 


CHAP.  III. 

The  hrain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind. 

The  proofs  in  support  of  this  position  are  as 
follows  : 

1 .  Without  brain  there  is  no  manifestation  of  feel- 
ings or  of  intellectual  functions. 

2.  If  the  cerebral  organization  be  defective, 
the  manifestations  of  the  mind  are  also  defective; 
as  happens  in  many  idiots  from  birth. 

3.  If  in  the  healthy  state  the  development  of 
the  brain  be  very  considerable,  the  manifestations 
of  the  affective  and  intellectual  powers  are  very 
energetic. 

4.  The  manifestations  of  the  mind  follow  the 
ordinary  or  extraordinary  growth  of  the  brain. 
This  organ  is  pulpy  in  young  children,  and  the 
mental  powers  are  scarcely  perceptible  ;  but  in 
proportion  as  it  becomes  perfect,  the  mental  fac- 
ulties appear  ;  in  its  state  of  maturity,  the  mental 
powers  arrive  at  the  greatest  energy,  and  in  pro- 
portion as  it  grows  old  and  weak,  the  energy  of 
the  mental  faculties  diminishes  also. 

5.  Certain  faculties  are  more  active  in  women. 


FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  BRAIN.  7 

others  in  men  ;  the  cerebral  organization  of  both 
sexesj  presents  diflerences  that  coincide  with 
those  varied  manifestations. 

6.  The  feelings  and  intellectual  faculties  are 
hereditary  in  the  same  proportion,  as  the  cerebral 
organization  is  propagated  from  parents  to  chil- 
dren, 

7.  The  manifestations  of  the  mind  are  deran- 
ged, if  the  respective  organs  in  the  brain  be  in- 
jured. 

Objections. 

There  are,  however,  several  objections,  more 
or  less  plausible,  against  the  first  principle  of  Phre- 
nology. Metaphysicians,  for  instance,  say,  that 
the  manifestations  of  the  mind  cannot  depend  on 
bodily  conditions,  since  the  mind  is  not  conscious 
of  its  organs.  It  must  be  answered,  that  the  mind 
does  not  know  the  instruments,  by  which  it  mani- 
fests its  feelings  and  intellectual  powers,  precisely 
as  it  is  inscious  of  the  muscles  by  means  of  which 
it  executes  voluntary  motions,  or  of  the  nerves 
on  which  sight,  hearing,  tasting  and  smelling  de- 
pend. 

There  are  also  many  cases  that  record  injuries 


i 

8  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

of  the  brain,  and  losses  of  portions  of  its  sub- 
stance, whilst  the  mental  faculties  continued  to  be 
manifested. 

Another  objection  has  been  founded  on  the 
disease  called  hydrocephalus,  in  which  the  brain 
was  said  to  be  wanting,  or  disorganized,  or  disso  1- 
ved  hy  water,  at  the  same  time  that  the  mental 
functions  continued  unimpaired. 

It  has  also  been  asserted,  that  ossification^  of 
the  brain  has  not  hindered  the  mind- -fro'in  "mani- 
festing its  powers. 

These  objections  are  answered,  to  full  extent, 
in  my  work  on  Phrenology,  and  are  beyond  the 
reach  of  this  elementary  work.  I  think  that  the 
first  principle  of  Phrenology,  the  brain  is  the  or- 
gan of  the  affective  and  intellectual  functions,  stands 
unshaken.  y- " 


CHAP.  IV. 

Cff  the  absolifle  or  proportionate  size  of  the  brain. 

A  great  number  of  natural  philosophers;  con- 
vinced that  the  brain  is  the  organ  of  understand- 
ing, have  concluded  that  its  functions  must  be  pro- 


FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  BRAIN.  9 

portionate  to  its  absolute  size.  More  exact  ob- 
servations however,  show  this  conclusioa  to  be 
erroneous.  The  ox  has  more  brain  than  the  dog, 
and  the  elephant  more  than  man,  &c.  It  is  in- 
deed impossible,  in  animals  of  different  species, 
and  even  in  various  individuals  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, to  estimate  innate  mental  dispositions  by  the 
absolute  size  of  the  brain  in  genered,  or  of  its  parts 
in  particular  ;  because  the  size  of  the  cerebral  or- 
gans is  not  the  only  condition  to  the  greater  or 
less  energy  of  their  functions. 

Others,  therefore,  endeavored  to  show  that  the 
powers  of  the  mind  are  indicated  by  the  propor- 
tionate volume  of  the  brain  to  the  size  of  the  body. 

Experience,  however,  proves  that  this  mode 
of  measurement  is  also  inexact.  Small  singing 
birds  have  larger  brains,  in  proportion  to  their 
bodies,  than  man  and  the  elephant.  According 
to  the  manner  of  judging  stated,  the  elephant 
would  be  a  very  stupid  animal  ;  but  this  is  far  from 
thje  fact.  In  mankind,  it  may.  be  well  to  add,  that 
middle-sized  persons  have  commonly  the  largest 
brains.  | 

From  the  preceding  considerations  it  results,  that 
something  else  must  be  done  in  order  to  establish 
a  doctrine  of  the  mind,  in  relation  to  the  body. 


10  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 


CHAP.  V. 

Plurality  of  mental  powers  and  of  cerebral  organs. 

The  second  principle  of  Phrenology  is,  that  the 
mind  manifest  a  pluraUty  of  faculties,  each  indi- 
vidually by  means  of  a  peculiar  organic  apparatus. 
Phrenologists  udnne  faculty,  each  species  of  feeling 
and  thinking  ;  and  they  give  the  name  organs  to 
the  apparatuses  by  means  of  which  the  faculties 
of  the  mind  are  manifested. 

The  doctrine  of  the  plurality  of  mental  faculties 
and  the  necessity  of  special  organs  is  very  ancient. 
As  soon  as  philosophers  studied  the  human  mind 
and  its  manifestations,  they  found  it  indispensable 
to  admit  several  powers.  Phrenology,  it  is  true, 
establishes  a  greater  number  of  primitive  faculties 
of  the  mind  than  emy  school  of  philosophy  has  yet 
done,  and  meiny  faculties  demonstrated  by  Phren- 
ology are  different  from  those  hitherto  admitted. 
It  also  proves  every  proposition  by  positive  facts 

r 


FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  BRAIN.  11 


CHAP.  VI. 

Means   of   detcnnining  the  functions   of  the   brain 
and  its  paiis. 

Anatomy  shows  that  the  braia  is  composed  of 
two  halves,  and  that  each  half  is  aa  aggregation 
of  parts  developed  in  different  degrees  ;  but  anat- 
omy does  not  reveal  the  functions  of  any  organ 
whatever,  consequently  it  can  neither  show  the 
functions  of  the  brain  generally,  nor  of  its  parts  in 
particular  ;  just  as  it  is  impossible  to  infer  from  the 
structure  of  the  muscles  that  they  are  contractile  ; 
or  from  the  texture  of  the  optic  nerve,  that  it  is 
destined  to  propagate  impressions  of  light.  Yet 
physiology  without  anatomy  is  imperfect,  and 
Phrenology  is  greatly  supported  by  anatomy, 
since  its  anatomical  and  physiological  branches  are 
found  to  harmonize.  Were  it  possible  to  prove 
the  absence  of  differences  in  the  brains  of  animals 
whose  powers  differ  ; — or  to  show  that  all  parts  of 
the  brain  increase  simultaneously  ; — or  that  large 
hydrocephalic  heads,  exhibiting  intellectual  fac- 
ulties, are  without  brain,  &c..  Phrenology  would 
be  completely  undermined.     But  as  the  anatomi- 


12  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

cal  discoveries  made  in  the  brain  are  in  harmony 
with  the  phrenological  ideas  of  its  functions,  that 
science  stands  on  more  solid  ground. 

Several  natural  philosophers  have  endeavored  by- 
mutilations,  viz.  by  cutting  away  various  parts  of 
the  brain,  to  discover  their  functions.  These 
means  have  been  pursued  without  fruit  and  will 
remain  useless.  They  are  too  violent,  and  several 
faculties  might  be  retained  without  being  manifest- 
ed ;  at  all  events  they  cannot  teach  more  than  may 
be  ascertained  in  the  healthy  state. 

The  best  method  of  determining  the  nature  of  the 
cerebral  functions,  is  that  employed  by  Phrenolo- 
gists :  it  is  to  observe  the  size  of  the  cerebral  parts 
in  relation  to  particular  mental  manifestation,  and 
it  is  the  third  principle  of  phrenology,  that  in  the 
same  individualj  larger  organs  show  greater,  and 
smaller  organs  less  energy.  It  is,  however,  im- 
portant to  remark  that,  though  the  size  of  the  or- 
gans is  sufficient  to  discover  the  nature  of  their 
functions,  it  does  not  alone  produce  their  different 
degrees  of  activity.  Their  internal  constitution, 
their  exercise  and  mutual  influence  also  contribute 
to  this  ;  for  which  reason  Phrenologists  cannot 
compare  the  same  organ  in  different  species  of 
animals,  nor  even  in  different  individuals  of  thQ 


PROCEEDING  OF  GALL.  l3 

same  species  ;  but  must  judge  of  each  animal  or 
man  individually  ;  but  then  they  run  no  risk  of  err- 
ing, for  in  the  same  individual  larger  organs  always 
show  more  activity  than  those  that  are  smaller. 

Gall,  to  whom  is  due  the  great  merit  of  having 
laid  the  foundation  of  this  doctrine,  compared 
particular  cerebral  parts  with  determinate  charac- 
ters and  particular  talents,  and  according  to  these 
gave  names  to  the  organs  he  discovered  :  thus  he 
spoke  of  the  orgems  of  haughtiness,  of  ambition, 
of  cunning,  of  benevolence,  of  religion,  of  theft,  of 
murder,  of  the  mechanical  arts,  of  music,  of  paint- 
ing, of  poetry,  of  mathematics,  of  metaphys- 
ics, &.C. 

It  became  necessary,  however,  to  modify  this 
manner  of  considering  Phrenology,  as  it  appear- 
ed that  actions,  talents,  and  determinate  char- 
acters result  from  the  mutual  influence  of  the 
primitive  faculties.  I  therefore  undertook  to 
specify  the  nature  or  elements  of  the  fundamen- 
tal powers,  and  to  name  them  independently 
of  any  action  or  outward  application.  I  also 
discovered  several  new  organs,  established  a 
new  division  of  the  mental  powers  according  to 
their  inherent  natures  and  modes  of  action,  and 
separated  that  which  belongs  to  each  power  itself 


14  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

from  what  depends  on  its  combinations  with  other 
faculties. 

The  nomenclature,  introduced  by  Gall,  was 
not  only  incorrect,  inasmuch  as  it  indicated  deter- 
minate actions,  or  results  of  combination  among 
the  powers, — but  it  was  further  objectionable  as 
several  organs  were  even  named  from  abuses  of 
their  primitive  functions.  Disorders,  however, 
are  the  effect  of  predominance  of  powers,  on  ac- 
count of  the  disproportionately  large  size  or  over 
excitement  of  their  organs,  but  are  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  regular  operations  of  the  facul- 
ties. Gall,  it  is  true,  was  right  in  stating  that,  in 
inveterate  thieves  and  murderers  certain  portions 
of  the  brain  are  large,  but  he  erred  in  speaking  of 
an  organ  of  theft  and  of  another  of  murder,  because 
the  primitive  faculties  which  lead  to  such  criminal 
actions  are  not  given  for  that  commission  ;  though 
they  may  be  abused  like  every  other  primitive  pow 
er.  The  aim  and  the  disorders  of  every  faculty 
and  the  influence  of  its  inactivity  on  the  functions 
of  the  other  active  powers,  must  be  distinguished 
from  each  other  and  specified. 


CRANIOLOOY.  16 

CHAP.  VII. 

Craniology. 

It  is  certain  and  may  be  admitted  as  the  fourth 
principle  of  Phrenology,  that  from  birth  and 
through  mature  years,  up  to  the  period  when  the 
faculties  fall  into  decay,  the  size  and  form  of  the 
brain  and  its  parts  may  be  determined  by  the  size 
and  form  of  the  external  head.  The  skull,  though 
its  two  tables  are  not  uniformly  parallel,  does 
not  vary  in  thickness  so  much  as  to  m\alidate  the 
accuracy  of  the  above  position  ;  for  the  organs 
occupy  large  spaces,  offering  great  varieties  in 
point  of  size,  and  the  appreciation  of  very  mi- 
nute differences  is  not  indispensably  necessary. 

The  science  of  Phrenology,  however,  has  its 
difficulties  as  well  as  every  other.  It  is  necessa- 
ry, for  instance,  to  estimate  the  different  thick- 
ness of  the  skin  and  muscles  that  cover  the 
head  ; — to  know  the  bony  masses  which  do  not 
indicate  any  cerebral  development,  such  as  the 
mastoid  process  behind  the  ear,  the  crucial  evo- 
lution of  occiput,  the  zygomatic  process  before 
the  ear,  and  the  situation  of  the  longitudinal  sinus 
in  the  mesial  line  of  the  head.     It  is  also  difficult 


16  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

to  determine  the  size  of  the  cerebral  parts  around 
the  orbits  and  at  the  basis  of  the  forehead,  since 
the  organs  in  these  situations  are  small,  and  lie 
behind  the  frontal  sinus  and  the  eyeballs.  These 
points  are  examined  in  my  work  entitled  Phreno- 
logy. 

The  size  of  the  organs  is  to  be  considered  in 
all  dimensions,  in  length  and  in  width  :  The  cer- 
ebral organs  are  long  or  short  and  slender  ;  and 
long  or  short  and  thick.  Their  length  disposes  to 
frequent  action,  whilst  their  thickness  gives  more 
intensity.  Phrenologists  attend  too  little  to  the 
latter  dimension,  and  too  much  to  the  elongation 
of  the  organs. 

It  will  also  be  well  to  state,  that  the  general 
size  of  the  organs  is  of  more  important  consider- 
ation than  protuberances.  Protuberances  occur, 
if  one  organ  be  more  developed  than  those  in  its 
neighbourhood,  but  if  all  vicinant  organs  be  equal 
in  length,  the  surface  is  smooth.  Now  this  may 
happen  in  heads  of  all  sizes. 

It  must  further  be  remarked,  that  the  organs 
of  the  mind  are  not  confined  to  the  surface  of  the 
brain  ;  the  mere  peripherical  expansion  of  each  or- 
gan, and  of  some  a  portion  only  is  in  contact  with 


CRANIOLOGY.  17 

the  skull.  Each  part,  however,  as  experience 
proves,  is  in  relation  to  its  whole  mass. 

Finally  all  organs  are  double,  even  those  that 
^re  marked  single  in  the  mesial  line  of  the  bust 
and  plate. 

Phrenologists  also  admit,  that  in  old  age,  when 
the  mental  powers  have  lost  their  energy,  and  in 
chronic  cases  of  insanity,  the  external  shape  and 
size  of  the  head  are  no  certain  indication  of  the 
cerebral  development  ;  for  it  frequently  happens 
that  the  external  head  remains  the  same  in  appear- 
ance, whilst  the  brain  diminishes  and  the  skull 
becomes  thicker.  Such  skulls  are  shown  by  op- 
ponents, but  the  particulars  just  mentioned  are 
overlooked. 

I  shall  make  another  and  final  remark.  For 
the  practice  of  Phrenology  it  suffices  to  know 
that  the  nature  of  the  cerebral  functions  can  be 
ascertained  by  the  size  of  the  organs,  and  that  the 
development  of  the  brain,  can,  in  general,  be  de- 
termined by  the  external  configuration  and  size  of 
the  head.  It  is  not  a  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
Phrenologists  to  conclude  concerning  the  cause  of 
the  size  and  form  of  the  brain  and  its  part  :  wheth- 
er they  depend  on  an  innate  power  of  growth  ;  on 

the  skull  ;  the  muscles  ;    or  even  whether  they  be 
2* 


18  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

the  effects  of  artificial  means,  such  as  the  pres- 
sure said  to  be  employed  by  savages.  For  the 
details  of  these  points  I  refer  the  reader  to  my 
work  on  Phrenology. 


CHAP.  VIII. 

Phrenology   is   established   by   observation  and 
induction. 

In  Phrenology  that  faculty  is  considered  as  fun 
damental,  primary,  or  special — 

1.  Which  exists  in  one  kind  of  animals  and  not 
in  another  ; 

2.  Which  varies  in  the  two  sexes  of  the  same 
species  ; 

3.  Which  is  not  proportionate  to  the  other 
faculties  of  individuals  ; 

4.  Which  is  not  manifested  simultaneously 
with  the  other  faculties,  that  is,  which  appears 
or  disappears  singly,  at  earlier  or  later  periods  of 
life  ; 

5.  Which  may  act  or  rest  singly  ; 

6.  Which  is  propagated  in  a  distinct  manner 
from  parents  to  children  ; 


ORDER  OF  THE  ORGANS.  19 

7.  Which  may  singly  preserve  its  proper  state 
of  health,  or  be  attacked  by  disease.     Finally, 

8.  Its  existence  is  placed  beyond  d?)ubt,  if  its 
peculiar  organ  be  made  known  by  repeated  ob- 
servation. 

Phrenology,  like  every  other  physical  Science, 
is  established  by  observations  repeated  both  in 
the  positive  and  negative  way,  (1.)  in  individuals  ; 
(2  )  in  both  sexes  ;  (3.)  in  different  nations  ;  (4.)  in 
criminals  ;  (5.)  in  insane  persons.  It  is  confirm- 
ed by  anatomy,  comparative  phrenology  and  by 
the  natural  language. 


CHAP.  IX. 

Order  in  which  the  organs  may  be  treated. 

The  organs,  it  is  plain,  can  only  be  examined 
in  succession.  Gall  changed  the  order  in  which 
he  considered  them  frequently.  He  was,  how- 
ever, always  guided  by  their  localities.  He  be- 
gan at  the  basis  of  the  head  and  ended  at  the 
top.  Never  having  allowed  any  essential  differ- 
ence in  the  modes  of  action  of  the  primary  pow- 
ers, he  consequently  deemed  it  sufficient  to  take 


20  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

the  mere  situation  of  the  respective  organs  to  in- 
dicate the  order  of  his  descriptions,  I,  on  the 
contrary,  admitting  different  modes  of  action  in 
the  special  faculties  of  the  mind,  conceive  it  pos- 
sible to  divide,  and  to  classify  them  according  to 
their  primitive  functions.  I  arrange  the  mental 
powers  into  two  orders  ; — a  division  admitted  from 
the  remotest  antiquity,  and  known  under  the 
names  soul  and  spirit  ; — moral  and  intellectual 
faculties  ; — understanding  and  will  ; — heart  and 
head. — I  prefer  designating  them  respectively, — 
feelings  and  intellect,  or  better  by  the  terms, 
affective  and  intellectual  faculties. 

Both  orders  then  may  be  subdivided  into 
several  genera,  and  each  genus  into  several 
species.  Certain  affective  powers  produce  de- 
sires or  inclinations  only,  the  activity  of  which 
in  animals  is  called  instinct.  These  I  denomin- 
ate by  the  general  title  propensities.  There  are 
other  affective  powers  which  are  not  confined  to 
mere  inclination  ;  their  actions  have  something 
superadded  that  may  be  called  sentiment.  All 
propensities  are  common  to  man  and  animals,  but 
the  sentiments — the  title  I  propose  for  the  second 
genus,  are  partly  common  to  man  and  animals, 
and  partly  proper  to  man. 


ORDER  OF  THE  ORGANS.  21 

The  second  order  of  mental  powers  is  destined 
to  make  us  acquainted  with  the  existence  of  the 
external  world,  and  to  cognize  the  physical  qual- 
ities of  objects  and  their  relations.  I  call  the 
faculties  included  in  this  order  intellectual,  and 
subdivide  them  into  three  genera.  The  first  com- 
prises the  functions  of  the  external  senses  and  of 
voluntary  motion  ; — ^the  second,  those  of  the  in- 
ternal senses  which  make  man  and  animals  ac- 
quainted with  external  objects,  their  qualities  and 
their  relation.  These  powers  may  be  called  percep- 
tive. The  third  genus  comprises  the  faculties 
which  act  on  all  the  other  sensations  and  notions, 
and  these  1  name  reflective  faculties. 

Each  genus  of  faculties,  both  affective  and  in- 
tellectual, consists  of  several  species,  and  each 
species  offers  several  modifications  or  varieties, 
even  idiosyncrasies.  The  essence,  however,  of 
every  faculty  is  always  perceptible  ;  it  is  proclaim- 
ed even  in  its  diseased  state.  The  essential  na- 
ture of  each  primary  power  is  one  and  invariable, 
and  no  organ  can  produce  two  species  of  tenden- 
cies. 

Marked  busts  are  in  general  use  to  indicate 
the  situations  of  the  individual  organs.  Though 
the  order  in  which  these  are  numbered  may  vary 


22  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

in  different  casts,  the  organs  of  the  primitive  pow- 
ers still  remain  the  same.  The  place  of  secret- 
iveness,  for  instance,  is  invariable,  whether  it 
be  marked  and  referred  to  as  the  7th  or  9th  organ 
of  the  brain.  Now  as  different  numerations  are 
used  by  different  Phrenologists,  it  is  advisable 
never  to  speak,  or  to  make  remarks,  in  numbers, 
otherwise  confusion  will  be  unavoidable. 


CHAP.  X. 

Best  manner  of  studying  Phrenology. 

Self-conviction  depends  on  self-observation. 
Whoever,  therefore,  wishes  to  form  an  opinion 
concerning  the  reality  of  Phrenology,  must  make 
himself  acquainted  (1.)  with  the  situation  of  the 
special  organs  ;  (2.)  with  the  true  meaning  of  each 
fundamental  faculty  of  the  mind,  as  adopted  in 
Phrenology  ;  (3.)  with  the  different  temperaments 
as  giving  more  or  less  energy  to  the  function  of 
the  organs  ;  (4.)  with  the  relative  development  of 
the  four  regions  of  the  head  :  occipital,  lateral, fron- 
tel  and  sincipital ;  (5.)  with  the  proportionate  size 


MANNER  OF  STUDY.  23 

of  the  basilar  to  the  coronal  portion,  and  with  the 
proportionate  size  of  the  three  great  divisions  of 
the  inferior  feelings,  superior  sentiments  and  in- 
tellectual faculties  ;  finally  (6.)  with  the  rela- 
tive development  of  the  special  organs  in  each  in- 
dividual. 

As  the  development  of  the  special  organs  differs 
in  different  individuals,  Phrenologists  should 
determine  on  certain  terms  to  indicate  the  relative 
size  of  the  cerebral  parts.  The  Edinburgh  Phre- 
nological Society  makes  use  of  the  following  ex- 
pressions :  very  small,  small,  rather  small,  mod- 
erate, rather  full,  full,  rather  large,  large,  and 
very  large.  It  is  difficult  to  study  a  great  num- 
ber of  degrees,  or  a  very  detailed  scale  of  devel- 
opment. Beginners  may  be  satisfied  with  being 
able  to  distinguish  four  degrees,  viz.  predominant, 
large,  moderate  and  small. 

Assisted  by  this  knowledge,  every  one  will  be 
able  to  convince  himself  that  the  special  powers 
of  the  mind  are  manifested  by  the  instrumentality 
of  individual  parts  of  the  brain. 


SECTION  II. 

SPECIAL  FACULTIES  OF  THE  MIND. 

ORDER  I.— Feelings. 

The  most  essential  points  concerning  the  feel- 
ings, or  affective  faculties  in  general,  are  as  fol- 
low :  they  have  their  origin  from  within,  and  are 
not  acquired  by  any  external  impressions  or  cir- 
cumstances. They  must  be  felt  to  be  under- 
stood, for  they  cannot  be  taught  ;  in  themselves 
they  are  blind  and  without  understanding, — they 
do  not  know  the  objects  of  their  satisfaction,  and 
act  without  reflection. 

Genus  I. — Propensities. 

There  are  several  propensities,  but  each  has  a 
specific  nature  ;  they  all  exist  in  animals  and  in 
man. 

t  Vitativeness. 

A  special  instinct  or  desire  to  live  seems  to  me 
highly  probable,  and  I  look  for  its  organ  at  the 
basis  where  the  middle  and  posterior  lobes  of  the 


PROPENSITIES.  25 

brain  meet  each  other,  at  the  internal  border  of 
combativeness. 

*  Alimentiveness. 

The  instinct  to  take  food  is  commonly  attri- 
buted to  the  nerves  of  the  stomach,  but  I  think 
this  instinct  or  appetite  may  be  distinguished  from 
the  sensation  of  want  of  food.  Now  according 
to  phrenology  every  sort  of  instinct  depends  on 
the  brain.  Observation  shows  that  the  desire  to 
feed  is  in  relation  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
middle  lobes.  This  cerebral  part  is  developed 
in  early  age  and  larger  in  youth  than  in  adult  age; 
it  is  very  large  in  those  who  delight  in  an  excellent 
dinner  and  who  find  it  hard  at  table  to  abstain 
from  eating  of  every  dish. 

The  organ  is  situated  before  the  ear,  behind  and 
above  the  zygomatic  process. 

1 . — Destructiveness. 

Observation  shows  that  violent  death  is  an  in- 
stitution of  nature  ;  that  the  propensity  to  kill  ex- 
ists beyond  a  doubt  in  certain  animals,  and  that 
disposition  is  more  or  less  active  in  particular 
kinds,  and  also  in  some  individuals  of  the  same 
species.     Man,    it  must  also    be  admitted,  is  en- 


S6  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

dowed  with  the  same  propensity,  for  he  kiJls  al- 
most every  variety  of  animated  beings  either  to 
procure  food  or  to  supply  his  wants,  while  the 
carnivorous  tribes  of  creation  confine  their  de- 
structive powers  to  a  comparatively  small  number 
of  kinds,  and  this  merely  to  supply  themselves 
with  nourishment.  Moreover,  in  man,  this  pro- 
pensity offers  different  degrees  of  activity,  from 
a  mere  indifference  to  destruction,  to  pleasure  in 
seeing  animals  killed,  and  even  to  the  greatest 
desire  to  kill. — The  sight  of  public  executions  is 
insupportable  to  some  individuals  and  delightful  to 
others.  Some  highwaymen  are  satisfied  with 
stealing,  others  show  the  most  sanguinary  incli- 
nation to  kill  without  necessity. 

Idiots  and  the  insane  sometimes  feel  an  irre- 
sistable  desire  to  destroy  all  they  lay  hands  on. 
Some  of  the  insane  thus  affected,  manifest  the 
strongest  aversion  to  the  deeds  they  would  do, 
and  even  thank  those  who  coerce  and  keep  them 
from  mischief. 

The  primary  nature  of  this  propensity  is  a  sim- 
ple impulse  to  destroy  ;  it  does  not  consider  the 
object  of  its  application,  nor  the  manner  of  de- 
stroying. It  uses  indifferently  pointed  and  cut- 
ting instruments,  poison,    water,  and  fire    to    ac- 


PROPENSITIES.  97 

complish  its  desires.  It  is  indispensable  to  ani- 
mals which  live  upon  flesh.  I  do  not,  however, 
think  that  it  determines  the  taste  for  this  kind  of 
aliment.  The  faculty  is  commonly  more  active 
in  children  than  in  adults,  yet  children  generally 
prefer  fruits  and  vegetables  to  meat. 

Besides  the  necessity  of  this  instinct  to  procure 
animal  food,  its  employment  in  self-defence  is  not 
only  permitted  by  justice,  but  is  even  rewarded 
as  a  virtue.  A  sword  is  one  of  the  emblems  of 
state.  If  the  faculty,  however,  cause  the  destruc- 
tion of  aught  that  should  not  be  destroyed  it  pro- 
duces disorders,  as  when  it  punishes  trifling  crimes 
with  death,  assassinates,  murders,  administers 
poison,  or  sets  fire  to  houses. 

If  we  place  two  skulls,  the  one  of  a  carnivor- 
ous, the  other  of  an  herbivorous  animal,  horizon- 
tally, and  trace  a  vertical  line  through  the  opening 
of  the  external  ear,  we  shall  observe  that  there  is 
more  brain  over  the  ear  in  the  carnivorous  than 
in  the  herbivorous  animal. 

The  organ  of  destructiveness  lies  in  man  and  an- 
imals immediately  above  the  ear,  and  is  covered 
by  the  temporal  bone. 


2S  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY, 

2. — Jimativeness. 

In  the  special  faculty  designated  amativeness,  in- 
heres that  feeling  which  is  called  physical  love  ;  its 
manifestation  depends  on  the  cerebellum,  because 
the  appetite  appears  with  the  development  of  this 
part,  and  is  in  relation  to  its  size.  In  children, 
for  instance,  the  cerebellum  is  smaller  than  in  ad- 
ults, and  in  women  and  females  generally  it  is 
less  than  in  men  and  males.  It  generally  attains  its 
full  growth  between  sixteen  to  twenty-five  years 
of  age,  and  frequently  diminishes  in  old  age.  In 
some  adults  it  is  exceedingly  small,  and  in  others 
moderate,  and  in  others  again  very  large.  Some- 
times it  is  of  great  magnitude  in  children,  and 
then  its  special  function,  the  propensity  we  treat  of, 
appears  in  early  life. 

The  cerebellum  is  situated  in  the  neck,  between 
the  mastoid  process  behind  the  ear,  and  the  occip- 
ital spine  in  the  middle  of  the  lower  and  back  part 
of  the  skull.  The  space  between  these  two  ele^- 
vations  indicates  the  extent  of  the  organ  in  man, 
and  its  general  size,  viewed  in  relation  to  the 
other  organs,  may  be  compared  with  the  energy 
of  its  primitive  function  in  each  individual  of  the 
human  species. 


PROPENSITIES.  29 

3. — Philoprogenitiveness. 

This  word  designates  a  primitive  feeling  that 
prompts  the  beings  possessed  of  it  to  take  care 
of  their  offspring.  It  does  not  inhere  in  certain 
creatures,  as  insects,  reptiles,  and  fishes  ;  these 
resign  their  eggs  to  chance,  and  the  influence  of 
some  external  agent.  Of  some  kind  of  animals 
the  females  alone  are  attached  to  their  young  ;  the 
males  being  perfectly  indifferent  about  them.  Of 
other  tribes  again,  the  males  and  females  are  both 
fond  of  their  progeny;  the  feeling,  however,  is  still 
more  energetic  in  the  females  than  in  the  males. 
Among  the  animals  too,  both  sexes  of  which  tend 
the  young,  there  are  females  which  do  not  feel 
the  propensity,  and  males  who  experience  it 
strongly.  Certain  women  also  consider  children 
as  a  heavy  burden,  whilst  others  deem  them  their 
greatest  treasure  and  chief  source  of  happiness. 
This  happens  quite  indiscriminately,  among  the 
rich  and  the  poor,  among  those  of  good  and  those 
of  bad  breeding. 

The  organ  of  the    propensity  of  parental    love 

occupies   the    portion  of  the    occipit   immediately 

above   the   middle    part   of    the    cerebellum.     Its 

size  coincides  with  the  energy  of  this  feeling  in 
3* 


so  OUTLINES  OP  PHRENOLOGY. 

individuals,  in  the  sexes,  and  in  nations.  In  wo- 
men and  females  it  is  commonly  larger  than  in 
men  and  males. 

There  is  a  striking  analogy  between  the  heads 
of  each  of  the  feexes  both  in  man  and  animals, 
and  the  two  preceding  organs  in  their  different  de- 
grees of  development,  suffices  to  distinguish  the 
skulls  of  males  from  those  of  females  of  the  same 
species.  The  former  have  the  cerebellum,  and 
the  latter  the  organ  of  philoprogenitiveness  the 
most  pronounced.  The  whole  configuration  of 
the  head  too  of  each  sex  differs,  those  of  men 
and  males  being  commonly  shorter  and  broader  ; 
those  of  women  and  females  longer  and  narrower. 

4. —  Adhesiveness. 

This  name  designates  a  special  faculty  which 
produces  a  tendency  in  men  and  animals  to  at- 
tach themselves  to  the  beings  around  them,  which 
binds  the  individuals  of  the  same  species  to  each 
other,  and  gives  rise  to  society.  It  alse  ap- 
pears modified  in  those  species  of  animak,  the 
males  and  females  of  which  live  together  domes- 
tically. Another  of  its  modifications  is  friend- 
ship.    The  existence  of  this  primitive  feelings  is 


PROPENSITIES.  31 

ascertained  by  all  the  proofs  of  the  plurality  of  the 
fundamental  faculties  and  organs.  It  is  stronger  in 
women  than  in  men.  It  forms  and  essential  and 
prominent  feature  in  the  female  character. 

The  feeling  of  adhesiveness  in  itself  is  of  an 
inferior  nature,  that  is,  common  to  man  and  animals; 
it  has  been  often  observed  very  energetic  in  crim- 
inals, who  have  borne  the  severest  tortures,  even 
destroyed  themselves,  rather  than  betray  their 
companions  in  guilt.  Persons  in  whom  the  pro- 
pensity is  weak,  have  a  tendency  to  live  as  her- 
mits. 

Its  organ  is  situated  outward,  and  a  little  high- 
er than  that  of  philoprogenitiveness,  under  the 
middle  of  the  lamdoidal  suture. 

5. — Inhabiiiveness. 

In  examining  the  manners  of  living  of  different 
animals,  it  is  obvious  that  particular  kinds  are  at- 
tached to  different  and  determinate  localities,  re- 
gions, and  countries.  Some  seek  the  water  from 
the  moment  of  their  existence  ;  the  turtle  and  duck, 
as  soon  as  they  are  hatched,  run  towards  it.  Cer- 
tain species,  as  the  chamois,  run  towards  it.  Cer- 
tain species,  as  the  chamois,  wild  goat,  ptarmagan, 
&c.  select  elevated  regiona  for  their  haunts,  others 


32  OUTLINES  OF   PHRExVOLOGY. 

prefer  low  countries  and  plains.  Among  the  in- 
habitants of  the  air,  some  species  hover  principal- 
ly in  the  upper  regions  ;  others,  although  their  pow- 
er of  flying  is  great,  live  in  lower  strata,  or  on  the 
banks  of  rivers.  Some  birds  build  their  nests  on 
the  tops  of  trees,  others  at  the  middle  branches, 
others  again  in  the  holes  of  their  trunks,  or  on  the 
earth. 

In  conformity  with  all  these  considerations,  I 
admit  a  primitive  faculty  and  special  organ  which 
determines  animals  in  their  dwellings.  This  pow- 
er, however,  is  modified  in  different  animals.  It 
varies  in  land  and  in  water  animals,  just  as  the  sen- 
ses of  smell  and  taste  vary  in  herbivorous  and  car- 
nivorous animals. 

Man  also  has  received  the  feeling  to  be  attach- 
ed to  certain  local  situations,  particularly  to  his 
native  land.  Some  savage  tribes  are  wanderers, 
whilst  others  were  settlers  even  in  the  earliest  pe- 
riod of  their  civilization.  The  organ  of  inhabi- 
tiveness  is  commonly  large  in  mountaineers  ;  it  is 
also  generally  larger  in  women  than  in  men.  Na- 
ture, by  implanting  this  propensity  has  provided 
for  the  inhabitation  of  all  regions  and  countries  by 
animals  and  man. 

The  organ  of  inhabitiveness  is  placed  above  that 


*, 


PROPENSITIES.  33 

of  philoprogenitiveness,  at  the  upper  end   of  the 
occipital  bone. 

6 . — CombaUveness. 

This  power  produces  active  courage  and  the 
tendency  to  fight :  if  very  energetic,  it  leads  to  at- 
tack, and  feels  pleasure  in  fighting.  Its  existence 
IS  necessary  as  soon  as  animals  are  attached  to 
offspring,  to  dwelling  places,  and  stand  in  need 
of  food.  Some  entire  species  of  animals  and  in- 
dividuals of  every  species,  avoid  fighting,  others 
are  fond  of  it.  The  bull-dog  and  the  game-cock 
evidence  the  existence  and  activity  of  this. pro- 
pensity in  a  remarkable  manner.  There  are  hor- 
ses that  are  shy  and  timid,  whilst  others  are  sure 
and  bold.  This  feeling  bearing  no  regular  pro- 
portion to  muscular  power,  cannot  originate  from 
bodily  strength.  Men  and  animals  with  small  and 
feeble  muscles  will  often  fight  and  even  discomfit 
others  endued  with  larger  and  stronger  muscles. 
The  game-cock,  for  example,  is  smaller  in  size 
than  the  common  dunghill  fowl.  Phrenology 
proves  that  the  propensity  to  fight  depends  on  a 
portion  of  the  brain,  situated  at  the  posterior  in- 
ferior angle  of  the  parietal  bones  behind  the  ear 
find  above  the  mastoid  process. 


34  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

The  heads  of  courageous  men  and  animals  are 
much  developed  between  and  behind  the  ears.  It 
is  remarkable,  that  the  ancient  Greek  artists  have 
given  to  the  heads  of  their  gladiators  the  greatest 
mass  of  brain  in  the  situation  of  the  organ  of  com- 
bativeness. 


7. — Secretiveness. 

This  power  gives  the  propensity  to  conceal 
without  determining  the  object  or  the  manner  of 
concealing.  It  disposes  to  be  secret  in  thoughts, 
words,  and  deeds.  By  its  influence,  the  fox  is 
careful  not  to  be  observed  ;  the  dog  hides  the  bone 
he  cannot  eat  ;  and  the  cunning  man  conceals  his 
intentions,  and  sometimes  professes  opinions  oppo- 
site to  those  he  really  entertains.  It  may  be  ap- 
plied in  an  infinite  number  of  ways  and  employ- 
ed under  many  varieties  of  circumstance  and  sit- 
uation. If  not  directed  by  justice  and  the  other 
moral  feelings,  it  disposes  to  dissimulation,  in- 
trigue, duplicity,  hypocrisy,  and  lying.  It  finds 
pleasure  in  all  kinds  of  underhand  doings  and  clan- 
destine manoeuvres.  Whenever  concealment  in- 
terferes, be  it  for  good  or  for  evil  purposes,  this 
feeling  dictates  the  course  pursued. 


PROPENSITIES.  35 

The  organ  of  secretiveness  is  situated  in  the 
middle  of  the  lateral  regions  of  the  head,  immedi- 
ately above  that  of  destructiveness. 

8 . — Acquisitiveness. 

This  faculty  reduced  to  its  elements,  consists 
in  the  propensity  to  covet,  to  acquire,  and  to  gath- 
er together,  without  determining  either  objects  to 
be  acquired,  or  manners  of  acquisition.  It  cov- 
ets property,  money,  animals,  land,  cattle,  any 
thing,  and  every  thing  upon  earth.  If  it  be  very 
active,  it  gives  a  perpetual  craving  after  larger 
possessions.  It  is  this  propensity  that  prompts 
that  frequent  question  among  mankind  :  What  is 
this  good  for  :  It  produces  selfishness  and  the 
love  of  riches.  It  also  disposes  men  and  animals 
to  make  provisions  for  the  future,  but  the  objects 
collected  and  the  manner  of  getting  them  togeth- 
er, whether  by  industry,  commerce,  gaming,  or 
stealing,  depend  on  other  faculties,  and  on  the 
situation  in  society,  and  the  circumstances  in 
which  the  collector  is  placed. 

This  feeling  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  great- 
est obstacles  to  the  practice  of  morality  :  it  divides 
society  in  all  its  fractions  ;  it  arms  individuals 
against     individuals,     families     against     families, 


•36  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

and  nations  against  nations.  The  reason,  there- 
fore, is  easily  conceived  [why  the  Christian  code 
judges  its  abuses  with  so  much  severity. 

The  most  common  of  its  disorderly  acts  is 
stealing  ;  a  vice  that  occurs  among  individuals  of 
good  and  of  bad  education,  among  the  rich  and 
the  poor,  in  the  state  of  health,  and  in  that  of 
disease ;  for  it  is  a  frequent  symptom  in  insanity. 

The  organ  of  acquisitiveness  lies  at  the  upper 
part  of  the  temples,  beneath  the  anterior  and  in- 
ferior angle  of  the  parietal  bone. 

9 . — Construdiveness. 

This  faculty  produces  construction  of  every 
kind.  By  means  of  it  birds  build  nests  for  their 
young,  rabbits  dig  burrows,  and  the  beaver  makes 
its  dwelling.  By  its  means  too,  man  constructs, 
from  the  huts  in  his  savage  state,  to  the  palaces 
of  kings,  and  the  temples  of  God.  All  kinds  of 
architecture,  and  varieties,  of  mechanism,  are  its 
offspring.  It  builds  the  engines  of  commerce, 
manufactures,  and  war, — ships,  fortifications,  ma- 
chinery, instruments,  furniture,  clothes,  fashion- 
able trinkets,  and  toys  ;  it  is  essential  in  the  arts 
of  drawing,  engraving,  carving,  writing,  and 
sculpture.     It  gives  dexterity  in  vifee  Mse  of  tools 


PROPE-NSITIES. 


37 


generally,  and  directs  skilful  workmen  of  every 
description.  It  guides  the  practical  part  of  con- 
struction, but  does  not  determine  the  objects  to 
be  constructed.  Combined  with  the  organs  of 
configuration  and  size,  it  produces  accurate  draw- 
ing ;  and  with  the  addition  of  coloring  and  imita- 
tion, it  paints  good  portraits.  In  union  with  the 
intellectual  faculties  that  cognize  objects,  and  their 
physical  qualities,it  gives  a  bent  towards  mechanics. 
The  seat  of  the  organ  of  constructiveness  is  an- 
terior to  that  of  acquisitiveness,  and  lies  under 
the  place  v/here  the  frontal,  parietal,  and  sphe- 
noidal bones  unite.  Its  appearance  and  situation 
vary  according  to  the  developme.it  of  the  neigh- 
boring organs,  according  to  the  basis  of  the  head, 
and  the  size  of  the  zygomatic  process.  If  the 
convolutions  in  the  situation  indicated,  project 
more  than  the  external  angle  of  the  orbit,  then  the 
organ  of  constructiveness  may  be  admitted  as 
large.  If  the  basis  of  the  skull  be  narrow,  it  lies 
a  little  higher  than  in  heads  which  are  very  broad 
in  the  basilar  region,  and  across  the  zygomatic 
processes. — Moreover  it  is  covered  with  one  of  the 
masticatory  muscles  ;  this  must  therefore  be  ex- 
amined by  the  touch,  before  the  exact  size  of  the 
organ  in  question  can  be  distinguished. 


38  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

i. 

Genus  II. — Sentiments. 

These  faculties  join  to  a  propensity  an  emotion, 
era  feeling,  of  a  specific  kind.  Several  of  them 
are  common  to  man  and  animals  and  others  are 
peculiar  to  man. 

SENTIMENTS  COMMON  TO  MAN  AND  ANIMALS. 

1 0. — Cautiousness, 

This  sentiment  prompts  animals  and  man  to  t  ake 
care,  to  be  cautious.  In  due  quantity,  it  makes 
us  apprehend  danger  and  consequences,  and  gives 
prudence  ;  in  large  proportion,  however,  it  occa- 
sions doubts,  irresolution,  uncertainty,  anxiety, 
and  the  host  of  hesisations  and  alarms  expressed 
by  the  word  but  ;  it  also  disposes  to  seriousness, 
melancholy,  and  sometimes  to  suicide  from  dis- 
ease. It  acts  in  those  animals  which  place  senti- 
nels, and  in  those  which,  though  they  see  by  day- 
light, do  not  dare  to  seek  their  food  except  by 
night  :  it  may  be  affected  in  a  way  called /ear.  Its 
deficiency  disposes  to  levity  and  carelessness  of 
behavior,  the  other  faculties  not  being  restrained 
by  its  presence,  act  according  to  their  own  natures 


SENTIMENTS^  39 

and  strength,  without  any  shade  of  reserve  or  tim- 
idity to  obscure  their  functions.  This  feeling  is 
commonly  more  active  in  women  and  females  than 
in  men  and  males.  To  the  female  it  comes  in- 
stead of  the  strength  and  vigor  of  the  male,  and 
seems  more  especially  necessary  to  her,  as  the 
safety  of  the  offspring  may  often  mainly  depend  on 
her  prudence  and  care. 

The  organ  of  cautiousness  is  situated  nearly  in 
the  middle  of  the  parietal  bones. 

1 1 . — Love  of  approbation. 

This  feeling  makes  us  attentive  to  the  opinion 
entertained  of  us  by  others  ;  it  blindly  desires  and 
courts  approbation.  It  may  be  demanded  on  the 
score  of  trifles  and  unimportant  acts,  be  claimed 
for  great  and  useful  deeds,  or  be  required  for  crim- 
inal and  pernicious  doings.  The  direction  which 
it  takes,  depends  on  the  general  faculties  with 
which  it  is  combined.  In  children  its  agency  ap- 
pears in  emulation  ;  and  in  maturity  of  years,  it  is 
proclaimed  by  the  love  of  glory,  of  fame,  and  of 
distinction.  Ambition  is  the  title  its  activity  re- 
ceives, if  the  object  aspired  to  be  important  ;  van- 
ity   designates    it,  if  endeavors  at  distinction    be 


40  OUTLINES  OF   PHRENOLOGY. 

made  through  little  things,  such  as  gowns,  ribbons, 
&c.  It  is  the  cause  of  every  kind  of  showy  and 
polite  behavior  ;  it  induces  us  to  make  ourselves 
agreeable  to  others,  and  give  the  tone  to  fine  and 
polished  manners  in  society  ;  if  it  predominate, 
however,  and  be  not  under  the  guidance  of  supe- 
rior feeling,  it  renders  man  the  slave  of  fashion, 
in  opposition  to  morality  and  reason.  This  sen- 
timent is  more  active  in  women  than  in  men  ;  its 
difference  is  frequently  very  apparent  in  cases  of 
insanity.  Its  deficiency  makes  us  indifferent  to 
the  opinions  of  others,  to  compliments,  and  to 
every  kind  of  showy  appearance. 

The  organ  is  situated  on  either  side  of  that  of 
self-esteem,  at  the  posterior  upper  and  lateral 
part  of  the  head. 

12. — Self-esteem. 

This  feeling  is  generally  considered  as  facti- 
tious, or  as  the  result  of  social  circumstances  ;  but 
Phrenology  proves  that  it  is  fundamental.  A  vast 
opinion  of  their  own  persons  is  sometimes  observ- 
ed in  individuals,  who  have  no  claims  to  influence 
over  others,  or  to  •  particular  notice,  either  by 
birth,  fortune,  or  personal  talents.  Pride  is  a 
sentiment   that   is   commonly  more  active   in  men 


SENTIMENTS,  41 

than  in  women.  By  the  influence  of  its  organ, 
the  insane  fancy  themselves  great  geniuses,  kings, 
emperors,  ministers  of  state,  and  several  even  the 
Supreme  Being.  The  horse,  peacock,  turkey- 
cockj  &c.  manifest  feelings  analogous  to  pride. 
Its  great  activity  in  society  gives  arrogance,  self- 
conceit,  pride,  haughtiness,  and  an  authoritative 
behavior.  Combined  with  superior  sentiments  and 
intellect,  it  contributes  to  true  dignity  and  great- 
ness of  mind  :  its  deficiency  disposes  to  humility. 

The  organ  of  this  sentiment  is  placed  at  the 
top,  or  crown  of  the  h«ad,  precisely  at  the  spot 
from  which  the  priests  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  are  obliged  to  shave  the  hair. 

\S.— Benevolence. 

This  feeling  differs  widely,  both  among  chil- 
dren and  adults.  Some  are  complete  egotists  in 
all,  and  think  of  themselves  alone  ;  others  excel  in 
goodness,  and  devote  their  lives  to  the  relief  of 
the  poor  and  the  afflicted.  Whole  tribes  are 
mild  and  peaceable,  whilst  others  are  warlike  and 
cruel. 

The  feeling  of  benevolence  also  exists  among 
animals.     Several  species  are  naturally  meek  and 

good-natured,  as  the  roe  and  sheep,  whilst  others 

4* 


42  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

are  savage  and  mischievous,  as  the  chamois  and 
tiger.  Some  dogs,  horses,  monkeys,  Sec.  are 
mild  and  familiar,  whilst  others  of  the  same  kind 
are  bad  tempered,  fierce,  and  intractable. 

In  mankind,  the  feeling  is  greatly  ennobled, 
and  its  sphere  of  activity  augmented.  It  produces 
kindness,  benignity,  benevolence,  clemency, 
equity,  urbanity  ;  inshori;,  it  leads  to  the  fulfilment 
of  the  great  commandment.  Love  thy  neighbour  as 
thyself. 

The  deficiency  of  the  sentiment  is  often  made 
very  apparent,  through  the  actions  of  some  of  the 
other  feelings.  Destructiveness,  for  instance, 
without  the  restraint  of  benevolence,  acts  in  a 
ciTiel  manner,  and  so  on. 

The  organ  of  benevolence  lies  on  the  upper 
and  middle  part  of  the  frontal  bone.  This  part 
of  the  forehead  is  much  higher  in  the  bust  of  Sen- 
eca than  in  that  of  Nero.  The  skulls  of  Caribs 
are  flatter  than  those  of  Hindoos  in  the  same  sit- 
uation. 

SENTIMENTS  PROPER  TO  MAN. 

The  most  important  of  these  feelings  are  such 
as  are  in  relation  with  morality  and  religion.     Ac- 


SENTIMENTS.  43 

cording  to  Phrenology,  man  is,  by  his  nature,  a 
moral  and  religious  being,  and  is  created  capable 
of  receiving  revelation  ;  This,  indeed,  only  regu- 
lates the  functions  of  his  inherent  and  innate  sen- 
timents. 

The  moral  as  well  as  the  religious  nature  of  man 
is  compounded  of  several  fundamental  powers.  I  ^ 
understand  by  moral,  those  feelings  which  are 
given  to  guide  our  actions  with  reference  to  our 
fellow-creatures,  and  by  religioKS,  those  which 
bring  us  into  relation  with  supernatural  beings, 
and  produce  all  conceptions  of  the  marvellous  and 
supernatural. 

The  first  of  the  moral  feelings  :  Benevolence 
Jind  its  organ  are  already  mentioned.  I  now  come 
to  that,  the  application  of  which  is  at  one  time 
moral,  and  at  another  religious. 

14. — Reverence. 

This  sentiment  ph*oduces  respectfulness  and 
reverence  in  general,  and  when  directed  to  su- 
pernatural beings  it  leads  to  adoration  and  wor- 
ship. It  may  be  applied  to  all  sort  of  objects, 
to  persons,  and  to  things.  It  does  not  determine 
the  being  or  thing  to  be  venerated,  nor  the  man- 
ner   of   venerating.      The    ancients    worshipped 


4  4  OLTLINES  DP  PHRENOLOGY. 

many  divinities,  and  the  present  generation  adores 
the  Supreme  Being  in  different  ways  according 
to  their  creeds,  and  intellectual  faculties.  The 
respect  we  feel  for  ancestors,  parents,  benefac- 
tors of  mankind,  and  holy  things,  results  from  this 
power. 

►  The  feeling,  when  too  active,  produces  great  dis- 
orders. Applied  to  ancient  opinions,  it  opposes 
a  formidable  obstacle  to  improvement  ;  for  it  op- 
poses innovation  of  every  description. 

The  organ  of  reverence  is  situated  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sincipital  region  of  the  head,  at  th«  place 
which  corresponds  with  the  fontanel  in  children. 

15 — Firmness. 

It  is  difficult  to  define  this  feeling.  Its  effects 
are  often  called  will,  and  those  who  have  it  strong, 
are  prone  to  say,  I  uill ;  but  their  will  is  not  an  act 
of  reflection,  a  condition  necessary  to  free  will 
and  liberty.  The  meaning  of  their  I  will  is,  I 
desire,  I  command,  I  insist  upon.  This  feeling 
contributes  to  maintain  the  activity  of  the  other 
faculties  by  giving  perseverance  and  constancy. 
It  also  gives  a  love  of  independence  :  its  too  great 
activity    produces    stubbornness,    obstinacy,    and 


SENTIMENMa.  45 

disobedience.  Its  deficiency  renders  man  incon- 
stant and  changeable.  Individuals  so  constituted 
have  little  determination,  readily  yield  in  t:...ii- 
opinions,  and  are  easily  diverted  from  their  pur- 
suits or  undertakings. 

The  organ  of  firmness  is  placed  in  the  middle 
of  the  upper  and  posterior  part  of  the  sincipital 
region  of  the  head. 

16. — Conscientiousness. 

This  faculty  produces  the  feeling  of  duty,  the 
desire  of  being  just,  and  the  love  of  truth.  It 
looks  for  justice,  and  makes  us  wish  to  act  justly, 
but  it  does  not  determine  what  is  just  or  unjust. 
This  determination  depends  on  the  combination 
of  the  sentiment  with  other  affective  and  intellec- 
tual powers.  He  who  unites  conscientiousness 
with  active  lower  propensities,  will  call  that  just 
which  another,  endowed  with  conscientiousness, 
much  benevolence  and  veneration,  and  little  of  the 
lower  propensities,  calls  unjust.  'All  the  ways  of 
a  man'  says  Solomon,  'are  clean  in  his  own  eyes, 
but  the  Lord  weigheth  the  spirits.' 

This  primitive  feeling  may  be  disagreeably  af- 
fected in  a  way  called  repentance  or  remorse.     Its 


46  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

great  and  general  deficiency  among  mankind  is 
much  to  be  lamented  ;  it  is  this  that  occasions,  as 
it  explains,  the  many  unprincipled  acts  that  are 
continually  done. 

The  organ  of  conscientiousness  lies  between 
those  of  cautiousness  and  firmness,  in  a  lateral  di- 
rection forward  downward. 

17. — Hope. 

There  is  a  feeling  in  the  mind  of  hope  generally, 
or  of  belief  in  the  possibility  of  acquiring  what  the 
other  faculties  desire  ;  without,  however,  being 
attended  by  conviction.  This  depends  on  reflec- 
tion. The  great  energy  of  hope  makes  us  build 
castles  in  the  air,  and  pile  project  upon  project  : 
it  is  an  element  in  gambling  of  all  kinds  ;  it  also 
prompts  the  merchant  in  his  speculations.  Re- 
ligiously directed,  it  forms  an  item  in  faith,  by 
producing  belief  in  a  life  to  come,  yet  it  is  also 
necessary  in  our  present  state  of  being,  and  brings 
comfort  in  almost  every  situation.  Its  too  great 
activity  deceives,  and  disposes  to  credulity  ;  its 
want,  particularly  when  cautiousness  is  large,  is 
apt  to  leave  the  mind  overshadowed  by  gloomy 
despondency. 


SENTIMENTS.  47 

The  organ  of  hope  lies  on  each  side,  but  a  Httle 
backward,  of  that  of  veneration. 

18. — jyiarvellousness. 

This  feeling  disposes  man  to  admire,  to  be  as- 
tonished, and  to  believe  in  supernatural  agents, 
events  and  conceptions.  It  is  pleased  with  all 
sorts  of  marvellous  notions,  and  is  the  grand  basis 
of  all  religious  faith  ;  it  believes  in  revelation,  in 
providence,  in  the  communication  of  supernatural 
beings  with  man,  and  in  the  miracles  done  by  those 
it  disposes  men  to  receive  as  sent  from  heaven  to 
instruct  them  in  their  moral  and  religious  duties. 
It  is  an  undisputed  historical  fact,  that  all  religious 
systems  are  supported  by  supernatural  authority  ; 
that  all  prophets  proved  their  mission  by  miracles, 
and  that  even  false  prophets  tried  to  deceive  by 
the  same  means. 

All  classes  of  society  in  every  degree  of  civil- 
ization, are  amused  with  fictions  and  tales  of  su- 
pernatural events.  Upon  the  stage  supernatural 
beings  are  always  introduced  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  great  mass  of  spectators. 

This  sentiment  also  keeps  up  among  many  na- 
tions the  belief  in  their  fabulous  and  wonderful 
origin. 


48  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

Its  too  great  energy  makes  men  often  believe 
in  inspirations,  phantoms,  presentiments,  dreams, 
ghosts,  demons,  in  astrology,  magic,  or  sorcery. 
Its  want  leaves  us  every-day  beings,  and  strips 
supernaturality  and  marvellousness  of  all  their 
charms. 

The  organ  of  this  figeling  is  situated  before  that 
of  hope,  under  the  upper  and  lateral  portion  of 
the  frontal  bone,  near  the  coronal  suture. 

19. — Idealily. 

This  primitive  sentiment  exalts  the  other  pow- 
ers, and  makes  us  enthusiasts,  gives  warmth  to 
our  language,  energy  to  our  actions,  and  fires  us 
with  rapture  and  exultation,  or  poetic  imagination, 
fancy,  and  inspiration  as  it  is  termed. 

Poetry,  it  is  evident,  neither  consists  in  ver- 
sification, nor  in  rhyming,  since  prose  writings 
may  be  full  of  poetry,  and  verses  show  none  of 
its  glow  or  its  coloring. 

This  feeling  makes  man  aspire  after  perfection, 
and  look  for  things  as  they  ought  to  be.  In  the 
arts,  it  causes  the  taste  for  sublimity. 

The  want  of  this  feeling  leaves  the  mind  to  op- 
erate by  the  means  of  its  other  elements,  and  de- 
prived of  exaltation. 


SEXTI3IENTS,  49 

The  organ  of  ideality  lies  above  the  temples, 
in  the  course  of  the  temporal  ridge  of  the  frontal 
bone. 

20. — Mirthf Illness. 

This  sentiment  diffuses  over  the  mind  a  dispo- 
sition to  view  objects  and  events  in  a  ludicrous 
light,  in  the  same  way  as  ideality  tends  to  exalt 
all  its  functions.  It  may  be  combined  with  the 
affective  as  well  as  the  intellectual  faculties.  If 
along  with  the  higher  powers  it  be  applied  to 
ideas  and  conceptions  of  importance,  its  agency 
is  called  wit  ;  directed  to  common  events  and  les- 
ser notions,  it  appears  as  humor  ;  in  union  with 
constructiveness  and  configuration,  it  produces 
caricatures,  and  pictures  in  the  manner  of  Hogarth 
and  of  Cailot  ;  acting,  unattended  by  benevolence, 
particularly  if  combativeness  and  destructiveoess 
be  large  at  the  same  time,  it  originates  satire 
and  sarcasm.  In  short,  jest,  raillery,  mock- 
ery, ridicule,  irony,  and  every  turn  of  mind  or 
action  that  excites  mirth,  gaiety,  and  laughter,  re- 
sult from  this  sentiment.  In  the  writings  of  Vol- 
taire, Rabelais,  Sterne,  Prior,  Boileau,  Swift,  Stc. 
its  activity  is  clearly  perceived. 

The  organ  of  this  sentiment  is  situated  at  the 
6 


50  OUTLLNES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

anterior,  superior  and  lateral  part  of  the  forehead, 
immediately  before  that  of  ideality. 


21. — Imitation. 

This  power  gives  a  tendency  to  imitate  ;  in 
general,  it  is  very  active  in  children,  who  learn 
so  many  things  by  imitation,  as  to  have  led  sev- 
eral philosophers  erroneously  to  maintain  that  this 
is  the  sole  means  of  acquiring  every  kind  of  know- 
ledge. It  gives  the  talent  of  imitating  the  voice 
and  gestures  of  animals  and  men  ;  it  is,  therefore, 
an  essential  faculty  in  actors  ;  in  the  arts  of  pain- 
ting, engraving,  and  sculpture,  it  gives  what  is 
called  expression.  Those  who  possess  it  strong, 
easily  acquire  the  accent  of  foreign  languages. 

The  organ  of  imitation  lies  on  either  side  of 
that  of  benevolence.  If  both  of  these  organs  be 
larger,  the  superior,  anterior  portion  of  the  head 
is  elevate*d  in  a  hemispherical  form,  or  at  least 
presents  a  level  surface  ;  but  when  the  organ  of  be- 
nevolence alone  is  large,  and  that  of  imitation 
small,  there  is  an  elevation  in  the  middle,  and  a 
declivity  on  the  sides. 


EXTERNAL    SENSES.  51 

Thus,  positive  facts  prove,  that  the  affective 
powers  of  the  mind  are  numerous,  and  that  each  of 
them  is  manifested  by  means  of  a  particular  por- 
tion of  the  brain.  These  faculties,  it  is  also  to  be 
remarked,  act  spontaneously,  by  their  own  inherent 
and  internal  power  ;  they  are,  farther,  involuntary 
and  quite  independent  of  understanding,  the  light 
of  which  they  require  to  act  to  good  purpose,  for 
by  themselves  they  are  blind,  and  all,  without  ex- 
ception, liable  to  err. 

ORDER  II. — Intellectual  Faculties. 

The  essential  nature  of  these  faculties  is  to 
hww  ;  they  make  men  and  animals  acquainted  with 
their  own,  and  the  existence  of  external  objects, 
and  with  the  physical  qualities  and  relations  of 
these.  They  may  be  subdivided  into  external  sen" 
ses,  perceptive  JacultieSy  and  reflective  powers. 

Genus  I. — External  Senses.      Generalities. 

Since  the  time  of  Locke  the  greater  number 
of  philosophical  systems  rest  upon  the  axiom  of 
Aristotle,  that  the  first  notions  come  into  the  mind 
by  means  of  the  external  senses.  According  to 
this  hypothesis,  the  perfection  of  the  mental   func> 


52  OUTLIXES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

tions  depends  on  the  perfection  of  the  external 
senses.  This,  however,  neither  holds  good  in  the 
case  of  animals  nor  of  men  :  Many  animals  have 
the  senses  more  active  and  more  perfect  than  the 
human  kind  ;  no  animal,  however,  equals  man  in 
understanding.  Many  idiots  have  the  external 
senses  healthy  and  energetic  ;  but  this  is  no  reme- 
dy against  their  deficiency  of  understanding.  A 
most  conclusive  proof  of  the  innate  dispositions  of 
the  mind,  is  found  in  the  case  of  the  Scotchman, 
James  Mitchel,  and  Julia  Brace,  who,  deprived  of 
ight  and  hearing,  and  without  education  of  any 
kind,  displayed  from  the  earliest  age  great  capaci- 
ties both  as  the  affective  and  intellectual  function? 
of  the  mind  are  concerned. 

The  external  senses,  then,  are  merely  the  in- 
struments by  means  of  which  the  internal  facul- 
ties, acted  upon  by  external  impressions,  manifest 
their  activity.  They  do  not  acquire  any  knowledge 
of  external  objects,  or  of  their  qualities  and  rela- 
tions ;  the  eyes,  for  instance,  do  not  judge  of  col- 
ors ;  the  ears  do  not  appreciate  or  produce  m«>lo- 
dy,  neither  do  they  invent  any  verbal  language  ; 
the  smell  does  not  possess  local  memory,  nor  does 
the  touch  give  rise  to  the  instinctive  labors  of  ani- 
mals, or  the  mechanical  arts  of  man. 


EXTERNAL    SENSES.  53 

The  hypothesis,  according  to  which  talents  are 
derived  from  external  instruments,  is  easily  re- 
futed. Many  animals  have  those  instruments  to 
which  peculiar  faculties  are  ascribed,  without  the 
corresponding  functions.  Monkeys  have  hands 
adequate  to  put  wood  on  a  fire,  but  they  have 
not  understanding  enough,  by  doing  so,  to  guard 
against  the  cold.  Insects,  crawfish,  lobsters,  and 
especially  the  cuttlefish,  have  no  idea  of  geometry, 
though  they  have  numerous  and  perfect  instruments 
of  touch. 

External  instruments  too,  are  often  similar, 
while  the  offices  performed  by  them  differ  en- 
tirely. The  hare  and  rabbit  have  similar  feet, 
yet  the  hare  lies  in  the  open  field,  whilst  the  rab- 
bit makes  a  burrow.  On  the  other  hand,  similar 
functions  are  performed  by  animals  whose  instru- 
ments are  quite  different.  The  proboscis  is  to 
the  elephant  what  the  hand  is  to  man  and  to  the 
monkey.  The  hands  of  monkeys  and  the  Ceet  of 
squirrels  and  of  parrots  are  very  different,  yet  all 
hold  their  food  by  these  instruments  when  they 
eat.  Finally,  if  man  owe  his  arts  to  his  hand, 
why  do  not  idiots  invent  .''  Why  do  painters  drop 
the  pencil,  sculptors  the  chisel,   and  architects  the 

rule  and  compass,  as  soon  as  their   understanding 

5* 


$4  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

is  fatigued  or  deranged  ?  And  why  do  individu- 
als often  produce  stupendous  and  admirable  works 
by  the  assistance  of  crippled  hands  or  of  stumps  ? 
Who  can  measure  the  capacities  for  the  mechan- 
ical and  imitative  arts  by  the  conformation  of  the 
hands? 

The  external  instruments,  however,  it  must  be 
allowed,  are  very  useful  and  important.  There 
is  even  some  relation  between  them  and  the  inter- 
nal faculties.  Without  external  instruments  the 
internal  powers  could  not  manifest  their  activity. 
Carnivorous  animals,  for  instance,  could  not  de- 
stroy without  claws  and  teeth,  but  the  propensity  to 
destroy  must  be  derived  from  within.  The  instru- 
ments, then,  are  what  the  name  indicates  :  means 
of  performing  actions  dictated  by  internal  fac- 
ulties. 

The  external  senses  being  frequently  the  mere 
instruments  employed  by  internal  powers,  their 
functions  must  be  divided  into  mediate  and  immedi- 
ate. The  mediate  functions  cannot  be  explained 
by  their  instrumentality  alone  ;  the  particular  parts 
of  the  brain  aid  in  their  production,  while  the  sen- 
ses themselves  suffice  for  the  performance  of  their 
immediate  functions. 

It  is  very   difficult  to   point  out   the  special  or 


EXTERNAL    SEXSES.  65 

immediate  functions  of  the  external  senses,  as 
they  are  so  intimately  connected  with  those  of  the 
internal  faculties.  This  intimate  connection  is 
necessary  on  account  of  the  mediate  functions  of 
the  senses.  The  nerves  of  motion  and  feeling,  for 
instance,  assist  all  the  internal  powers  ;  they  are 
consequently  in  communication  with  the  whole  of 
the  cerebral  organs. 

Phrenologists  endeavor,  however,  to  specify  the 
immediate  external  as  well  as  the  primary  internal 
senses.  In  doing  so,  they  must  keep  in  mind  that 
each  sense  performs  only  one  sort  of  immediate 
function,  that  each  has  its  power  inherent  in  itself, 
and  that  the  functions  of  each  depend  on  the  state 
of  its  appropriate  organ,  and  on  the  observance  of 
certain  positive  laws.  If  the  organization  be  per- 
fect, the  functions  are  perfect  also,  if  the  organiza- 
tion be  diseased,  the  functions  are  likewise  disturb- 
ed, notwithstanding  all  preceding  exercise. 

Much  has  been  said  of  the  mutual  rectification 
of  the  senses.  This  expression  cannot  mean  that 
one  sense  acquires  the  power  of  performing  its 
functions  from  another.  Philosophers,  it  is  true, 
say  that  a  rod,  which,  plunged  into  water,  appears 
crooked,  is  proved  by  the  touch  to  be  straight. — 
But  even  though  the  mind  does  know  the  contra- 
ry, the  eyes  must   still   esteem   the  rod   crooked, 


56  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

because  they  cannot  see  but  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  refraction  of  light.  In  the  accepta- 
tion, however,  that  each  sense  cannot  produce 
the  same  sensations,  or  make  us  acquainted  with 
the  same  bodies,  or  with  the  same  qualities  of  ex- 
ternal objects,  there  is,  it  must  be  admitted,  a 
mutual  rectification  among  the  senses.  The  eyes, 
in  this  way,  may  rectify  the  touch,  and  the  con- 
trary. If,  without  our  knowledge,  a  piece  of  thin 
paper  were  placed  between  two  of  our  fingers,  we 
might  not  feel  it,  but  we  should  see  it.  Many 
liquids  look  like  water,  and  it  would  be  impossible 
to  distinguish  them  as  any  thing  else  by  the  sense 
of  sight  or  touch,  but  the  smell  or  taste  detect  the 
difference  at  once.  Thus,  the  external  senses  rec- 
tify each  other  only  to  the  extent  of  their  several 
capacities  of  perceiving  peculiar  impressions.  In 
natural  history,  therefore,  in  order  to  become  ex- 
actly acquainted  with  external  objects,  they  are 
examined  by  the  aid  of  all  the  senses.  Qualities 
are  then  detected  by  one  which  had  escaped  an- 
other. 

PARTICULARS    OP    THE    SENSES. 

It  now  remains  for  me  to  specify  the  functions  of 
the  external  senses. 


EXTERNAL    SENSES.  67 

Since  1815,  in  my  lectures  and  publications,  En- 
glish and  French,  I  have  constantly  maintained 
that  the  nerves  of  motion  differ  from  those  of  feel- 
ing, and  I  have  adduced  anatomical,  physiological, 
and  pathological  proofs  in  support  of  my  position. 

Feeling. 

The  sense  of  feeling  is  the  most  extensive  of  all 
the  senses,  being  continued  not  only  over  the  whole 
external  surface  of  the  body,  but  also  over  the  in- 
testinal canal.  It  produces  the  most  general  per- 
ceptions of  pain  and  pleasure,  of  temperature,  and 
of  dryness  and  moisture.  All  its  other  functions 
are  mediate,  that  is,  internal  faculties  perceive  the 
numerous  impressions  it  propagates. 

Taste. 

The  sphere  of  activity  of  taste  is  confined  to  the 
perception  of  savors,  it  is  particularly  useful  to  nu- 
trition. 

Smell. 

The  sense  of  smell  procures  the  sensations  of 
odor.     All   its  other  functions  are  mediate.      By 


58  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

its  means  the  world  begins  to  act  upon  man  and 
animals  from  a  distance,  odorous  particles  being 
detached  from  external  bodies,  and  affecting  the  ol- 
factory nerves.  This  sense  informs  animals  of  the 
existence  of  their  food,  and  of  the  approach  of 
friends  and  enemies 

Hearing. 

The  immediate  function  of  the  sense  of  hearing 
is  the  perception  of  sound  ;  but  it  assists  many  of 
the  internal,  more  especially  of  the  affective  pow- 
ers. 

Sight. 

The  sense  of  sight  perceives  light  and  its  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  intensity  ;  it  also  informs  man 
and  animals  of  remote  objects  by  means  of  an  in- 
termedium. 

Sight  and  hearing  appear  commonly  later  after 
birth  than  the  other  senses.  Some  animals,  how- 
ever, come  into  the  world  with  perfect  ears  and 
eyes.  Others  are  said  to  learn  to  hear  and  to  see, 
that  is  to  say,  they  come  into  the  world  with  imper- 
fect organs  of  sight  and  hearing. 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  59 


Genus  II. — Perceptive  Faculties. 

They  are  destined  to  make  man  and  animals  ac- 
quainted with  existences,  with  the  physical  quali- 
ties of  external  objects,  and  with  their  various  re- 
lations. 

22. — Individuality. 

This  power  produces  the  conception  of  being  or 
existence,  and  knows  objects  in  their  individual  ca- 
pacities. When  very  active,  it  is  fond  of  knowing 
individual  objects,  and  takes  pleasure  in  personify- 
ing even  mere  events  and  phenomena,  and  persons 
endowed  with  it  in  a  high  degree,  are  apt  to  con- 
found phenomena  with  beings  or  entities.  The 
substantives  of  artificial  language  correspond  to 
the  knowledge  this  faculty  acquires. 

The  organ  of  individuality  lies  behind  the  root 
of  the  nose,  between  the  eyebrows. 


60  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOtiV. 

23. — Configuration. 

This  faculty  procures  knowledge  of  configura-' 
tion.  one  of  the  first  qualities  of  external  objects 
which  the  mind  considers.  It  makes  us  attentive 
to  figures,  and  enables  as  to  recollect  persons  and 
forms  we  have  seen  before  ;  combined  with  acquis- 
itiveness it  leads  to  the  collection  of  portraits. 
Crystallography  also  depends  on  it. 

The  organ  of  configuration  is  situated  in  the  in- 
ternal angle  of  the  orbit  ;  if  large,  it  pushes  the 
eyeball  outwards  and  downwards  towards  the  exter 
nal  angle  ;  and  thus  separates  the  eyes  from  the 
root  of  the  nose,  and  from  each  other. 

24i — Size. 

Another  physical  quality  considered  by  the  mind 
in  external  objects  is  size  in  all  its  dimensions. 
Sight  and  feeling  are  not  sufficient  to  conceive  no- 
tions of  this  kind,  which  cannot  be  confounded  with 
ideas  of  configurations.  These  two  kinds  of  con- 
ception differ  essentially,  and  may  be  acquired  in- 
dependently of  each  other. 

The    faculty    of  size  measures    distances   and 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  61 

space.  In  arts  of  drawing,  painting,  archi- 
tecture, and  sculpture,  it  presides  over  propor- 
tion. 

The  organ  of  size  is  placed  in  the  internal 
angle  of  the  orbit,  above  that  of  configuration,  and 
on  both  sides  of  individuality.  It  is,  however, 
difiicult  to  point  out  the  organ,  partly  on  account 
of  its  smallness,  partly  on  account  of  the  frontal 
sinus. 

25. —  Weight. 

Notions  of  this  kind  cannot  be  attributed  to  the 
sense  of  feeling,  though  their  determinate  appli- 
cation requires  previous  impressions  to  be  ;  aJa 
on  the  muscles  ;  they  are  the  result  of  an  internal 
operation  of  the  mind.  This  faculty  is  proved  to 
be  special  by  the  reasons  wliich  demonstrate  the 
plurality  of  the  faculties  and  organs  in  general. 

The  organ  of  weight  lies  in  the  vicinity  of  that 
of  size,  in  the  ridge  of  the  eyebrows. 

26 — Coloring. 

This   faculty  presides  over   our    knowledge    of 
colors  ;   these  it  recollects,  judges  in  their  rela- 
tions, and  determines  as   to  their  harmoniousness 
6 


62  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

or  discordancy.  It  is  by  no  means  proportioi*- 
ate  to  the  power  of  perceiving  light.  There  are 
individuals  who  appreciate  all  the  other  qualities 
of  external  objects,  acquired  by  the  medium  of 
sight,  with  perfect  accuracy,  but  who  cannot  dis- 
tinguish one  color  from  another,  green,  for  in- 
stance, from  red  or  brown. 

The  faculty  of  coloring  is  necessary  to  paint- 
ers, dyers,  enamellers,  and  to  all  who  are  in  any 
way  occupied  with  colors.  It  is  through  its 
agency  that  we  are  charmed  by  the  beauty  of  the 
flower-garden,  and  the'  variously  tinted  landscape, 
and  show  good  taste  in  the  choice  of  colors  for 
our  dress,  and  the  furniture  of  our  houses. 

Of  this  faculty,  as  of  all  others,  it  is  important 
not  to  confound  great  with  perfect  activity. 
There  are  individuals,  and  whole  nations,  who 
are  fond  of  showy  colors,  but  have  little  taste  in 
their  arrangement,  or  little  feeling  for  their  har- 
mony or  discord. 

Animals  may  possibly  feel  the  harmony  of  col 
ors,  though  they  have  no  painting  ;  for  there  is  a 
great  difference  between  the  capacity  of  produc- 
ing, and  that  of  perceiving.  Animals  have  the 
senses  of  smell  and  taste,  but  they  cannot  procure 
gratifications  for  these  senses  by  artificial  means. 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  63 

The  seat  of  the  organ  of  coloring  is  in  the  middle 
of  the  eyebrow;  if  large,  this  pirt  is  either  strong- 
ly arched,  or  it  is  prominent,  and  gives  a  peculiar 
appearance  of  fulness  to  the  upper  eyelid. 

27. — Locality. 

This  faculty  conceives  and  remembers  the  sit- 
uations and  the  relative  localities  of  external  ob- 
jects. It  thus  enables  the  beings  endowed  with 
it  to  find  their  dwellings  again,  to  know  the  places 
in  which  they  had  been  before,  and  was  therefore 
in  the  order  of  nature  to  man  and  animals,  as  they 
must  quit  their  habitation  frequently  in  quest  of 
food  for  themselves  or  their  young.  Some  ani- 
mals possess  this  power  in  very  high  perfection, 
and  excite  amazement  by  the  strength  of  their  local 
memory,  others  again  are  almost  destitute  of  it. 
One  dog,  having  scarcely  gone  out,  loses  its  way, 
another  finds  its  usual  abode  and  an  old  master 
from  an  enormous  distance. 

This  power  also  produces  the  desire  to  travel, 
and  to  see  localities  ;  it  further,  disposes  many  an- 
imals to  migrate,  and  directs  them  in  their  cour- 
ses. Migratory  animals  not  only  return  at  certain 
periods  of  the  year  to  the  same  clime  or  coun- 
try, but  even  to  the  same  window,  bush,  chim- 
ney, or  tree,  they  had  formerly  inhabited. 


64  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

These  migrations,  it  is  certain,  are  not  occa- 
sioned by  want  of  food  alone,  though  this  may  un- 
questionably influence  them  ;  migratory  animals, 
though  confined,  and  fed  abundantly,  become  un- 
quiet at  the  period  the  species  to  which  they  be- 
long takes  its  departure. 

This  faculty  makes  the  traveller  and  geographer; 
it  is  also  essential  to  astronomers,  geometricians, 
and  landscape  painters. 

The  organ  of  locality  is  situated  above  that  of 
size  ;  it  spreads  laterally  and  reaches  the  middle 
of  the  forehead.  The  frontal  sinus  seldom  ex- 
tends to  this  part  ;  observations  on  it  are  therefore 
made  with  less  difficulty  than  on  the  organs  of  size 
and  weight. 

28. — Order. 

Order  supposes  plurality,  but  a  number  of  ob- 
jects may  exist  without  order.  Idiots  are  some- 
times fond  of  order,  and  like  to  see  every  thing 
at  its  place  ;  mankind  at  large  offer  the  greatest 
diversities  in  regard  to  the  exhibition  of  this  facul- 
ty. It  may  be  appUed  to  various  other  powers, 
as  to  form,  size,  weight  color,  words,  tones,  and 
things.     It  gives  method  and  order,   and  produces 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  65 

physical  arrangement.  The  arrangement,  how- 
ever, v/hich  this  faculty  originates,  mast  not  be 
confounded  with  philosophical  classification,  ac- 
cording to  reason  and  logical  inference.  This 
depends  on  the  reflective  faculties. 

The  organ  of  order  lies  externally  of  coloring. 

29. — Calculation. 

This  faculty  embraces  whatever  concerns  num- 
ber, unity  and  plurality.  Its  object  is  numeration 
and  calculation  in  general,  hence  algebra,  arith- 
metic, and  logarithms  belong  to  it.  It  may  be 
applied  to  size,  configuration,  color,  tune,  and 
the  notions  acquired  by  the  other  intellectual  fac- 
ulties. Some  individuals,  even  children,  excel  in 
the  talent  of  calculating,  whilst  they  are  inferior  in 
cilmost  every  other  respect. 

The  organ  of  calculation  is  placed  at  the  exter- 
nal angle  of  the  orbit  ;  if  it  be  large,  this  part  is 
depressed,  or  projects,  and  appears  full. 

30. — Eventuality. 

This  faculty  acquires  the  knowledge    of  events, 

occurrences,  or   phenomena  ;  its   essential  nature 

is  expressed  by  the  infinitive  mood  of  the  part  of 

speech  styled  verb.       It   is    attentive  to  all    that 

6* 


66  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

happens,  observes  the  activity  of  the  other  pri- 
mary faculties,  excites  their  activity,  and  desires 
knowledge  of  their  functions.  Historical  know- 
ledge also  belongs  to  it. 

The  organ  of*  eventuality  is  situated  above  that 
of  individuality.  It  is  proportionately  larger  in 
the  young  than  in  the  adult.  Youth  requires  it, 
particularly  in  order  to  gain  experience  in  the 
world. 

SI.— Time. 

The  mind  has  notions  of  the  succession,  of  the 
duration,  and  of  the  simultaneous  occurrence 
of  events,  that  is,  of  time.  This  power  cannot  be 
confounded  with  that  of  calculation,  nor  with  that 
of  order,  though  it  may  be  combined  with  both, 
either  severally,  or  in  union.  Yesterday,  today, 
tomorrow,  the  day  after  tomorrow, — this  con- 
stitutes a  succession  and  duration,  without  any  re- 
gard to  number  of  days. 

This  power  is  essential  in  music,  as  it  mea- 
sures the  duration  of  tones.  In  the  study  of  his- 
tory it  presides  over  chronology  with  reference 
to  the  duration  and  succession  of  events  ;  the 
dates  of  their  occurrence  are  remembered  by  the 
faculty  of  calculation. 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  67 

In  reflecting  on  the  combinations  of  time, 
number,  and  order,  there  appears  more  con- 
nection between  number  and  order,  than  between 
time  and  number.  Time,  too,  is  rather  in  re- 
lation to  events,  order  to  objects. 

The  organ  of  time  is  situated  above  and  be- 
fore that  of  order,  between  those  of  eventuality 
and  melody,  with  the  functions  of  which  it  is  inti- 
mately and  importantly  connected. 

32.— Tune. 

The  power  of  tune  has  the  same  relation  to 
the  ear  as  coloring  has  to  the  eye.  The  ear 
apprehends  sounds,  and  is  agreeably  or  disa- 
greeably affected  by  them,  but  it  has  no  recol- 
lection of  tones,  neither  does  it  judge  of  their  re- 
lations, as  being  harmonious  or  discordant. 
Sounds,  however,  as  well  as  colors,  may  be 
separately  pleasing,  and  disagreeable  in  combi- 
nation. 

The  organ  of  melody  is  situated  laterally  in  the 
forehead,  above  those  of  order  and  calculation. 
Its  external  appearance  varies  according  to  the 
form  of  the  convolutions  of  which  it  is  constituted, 
and  the  development  of  the  neighboring  organs. 


68  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

In  Gluck,  Gellineck,  and  Haydn,  it  has  a  pyra- 
midal form  ;  in  Handel,  Dusseck,  Viotti,  and 
Cherubini,  the  external  corners  of  the  forehead 
are  only  rounded  and  enlarged. 

This  organ  exists  in  singing  birds,  and  its  dif- 
ferent development  is  very  conspicuous  in  the 
males  and  females  of  the  same  species. 

33. — Language. 

This  faculty  acquires  knowledge  of  artificial 
signs,  and  arranges  them  according  to  natural 
laws,  in  the  same  way  as  the  power  of  color- 
ing or  of  melody  does  colors  or  tones.  The 
power  of  knowing  artificial  signs  must  not  be 
confounded  with  the  individual  faculties  which 
produce  the  sensations  and  ideas  indicated  by, 
or  which  invent,  those  signs.  One  individual 
may  have  many  notions,  and  feel  the  greatest 
difiiculty  in  expressing  them,  and  another  may 
possess  words  in  abundance  and  very  few  ideas. 

The  organ  of  language  is  in  the  lower  and  back 
part  of  the  anterior  lobe  of  the  brain,'  and  lies 
transversely  upon  the  orbitory  plate  of  the  frontal 
bone  It  pushes  the  eyes  more  or  less  forward 
and  downward,  according  to  its  development.     If 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  69 

it  be  large,  the  under  eyelid  assumes  a  swollen 
appearance.  It  seems  to  be  composed  of  sever- 
al portions,  one  of  which,  in  particular,  is  destin- 
ed to  learn  proper  names. 


Genus  III. — Reflective  Powers. 

These  powers  constitute  what  is  called  reason 
They  are  applied  to  all  the  other  faculties,  and 
contribute  to  direct  them  in  their  functions. 

34. — Comparison. 

Each  other  intellectual  faculty  compares  its 
own  appropriate  and  peculiar  notions.  Melody, 
for  instance,  compares  tones  ;  coloring,  colors  ; 
configuration,  forms  ;  calculation,  numbers,  &c.  ; 
but  this  special  power  compares  the  functions  of 
all  the  other  primitive  faculties,  points  out  resem- 
blances, analogies,  identities,  and  differences. 
Its  essential  nature  is  to  compare  ;  it  is  therefore 
fond  of  analogies,  in  the  same  way  as  melody 
likes  the  harmony  of  tones,  and  coloring  the  har- 
mony of  colors  ;  but  it  also  appreciates  differen- 
ces, just  as  melody  .  and  coloring  feci  discords 
among    their    res|)ective    impressions.      Differen- 


70  OUTLINES  OF   PHRENOLOGY. 

ces,  in  fact,  are  the  discords  of  the  faculty  of  com- 
parison. This  power  produces  discriminationj 
generalization,  abstraction,  and  induces  the  mind, 
wishing  to  communicate  unknown  ideas,  to  refer 
and  to  illustrate  by  such  as  are  known,  or  to  speak 
in  examples.  It  is  destined  to  establish  harmony 
among  all  mental  phenomena. 

By  the  influence  of  this  power,  artificial  signs 
become  figurative  ;  the  nations,  consequently,  who 
have  it  active,  have  a  metaphorical  language. 

The  organ  of  comparison  is  placed  in  the  up- 
per and  middle  part  of  the  forehead  ;  it  presents, 
when  it  is  large  and  the  surrounding  organs  mod- 
erate or  small,  the  figure  of  a  reversed  pyramid 
outwardly. 

•  35. — Causality. 

Individuality  makes  us  acquainted  with  objects, 
eventuality  with  events  and  occurrences,  com- 
parison-points out  their  identity,  analogy,  or  dif- 
ference, and  this  power  gives  the  idea  of  connec- 
tion, as  between  causes  and  eflTects.  It  forces 
us  to  think  that  every  event  has  some  cause,  and 
thus  by  successive  steps  we  arrive  at  the  concep- 
tion of  a  first  cause  of  all.     The  idea  of  God  or 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES.  71 

the  Supreme  Being  therefore  depends  on  the 
causality.  This  power  applied  to  actions,  make 
us  look  for  motives,  and  prompts  us  on  all  occa- 
sion-s  to  ask  Why  ?  Combined  with  individuality, 
eventuality  and  comparison,  the  truly  philosophic 
spirit  results  ;  conclusions  and  inductions  arfe 
drawn,  and  principles  and  laws  pointed  out. 
Causality  is  to  the  understanding  what  conscien- 
tiousness is  to  the  feelings,  it  forms  the  essential 
part  of  reason,  as  this  does  of  morality. 

When  very  active  causality  attempts  to  explain 
every  thing,  it  then  acts  without  the  support  of 
data,  or  it  draws  mferences  from  single  facts,  or 
it  endeavors  to  penetrate  things  that  must  remain 
unknown  to  man  in  this  life,  such  as  the  origin, 
nature  and  end  of  things,  the  nature  of  God,  the 
state  of  the  soul  hereafter.  When  we  wander 
thus  far  we  must  believe  but  we  cannot  conceive. 
Man  knows  only  the  succession  of  events,  and  if 
one  be  seen  uniformly  to  succeed  another,  the 
precedent  is  considered  as  the  cause,  and  the  suc- 
cedent  as  the  effect. 

The  organ  of  causality  is  situated  by  the  sides 
of  comparison. 


72  OUTLINES  OF  PHRINOLOGY. 

The  primitive  powers  and  their  respective  or- 
gans, being  demonstrated  by  observation  and 
induction,  never  will  be  rejected  by  reasoning  ; 
they  m  jst  be  admitted  as  the  will  of  Him  who  made 
every  thing.  This  is  the  only  answer  to  be  given 
to  those  who  either  from  timidity  or  improper  mo- 
tives, take  up  objections  to  Phrenology.  Let 
them  understand  themselves  when  they  say  their 
prayer,  ^  Thy  will  be  done  on  earth,  as  it  is  in  hea- 
ven,^ and  in  acknowledging  the  functions  of  the 
brain  they  will  submit  to  the  laws  of  the  Creator 


SECTION  111. 

USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

In  this  Section  I  shall  confine  myself  to  some 
general  reflections,  the  details  of  which  are  exam- 
ined in  separate  works.  I  shall  first  show  that 
Phrenology  is  not  contrary  to  moral  and  religious 
considerations,  and  then  add  some  remarks  on  its 
importance  in  the  study  of  philosophy,  in  that  of 
insanity,  in  social  intercourse,  and  in  directing 
education. 

I. — Phrenology  is  kot  contrary  to  Religion  and 
Morality. 

Incontestable  facts  prove  that  the  affective  and 
intellectual  faculties  are  inherent  in  the  nature  of 
man,  and  that  their  manifestations  depend  on  the 
cerebral  organization  ;  but  several  oppose  Phre- 
nology, and  find  it  more  convenient  to  cry  out 
against  its  dangerous  consequences,  than  to  ex- 
amine the  facts  on  which  the  doctrine  is  founded. 
This  in  all  ages,  has  been  the  reception  every 
discovery  and  every  invention  has  encountered. 
Some  become  adversaries  from  ignorance,  others 


74  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

from  malice  ;  those  of  the  latter  class  sometimes 
have  recourse  to  truths,  generally  venerated,  but 
which  they  themselves  deride,  to  make  an  impres- 
sion upon  the  bulk  of  mankind.  Phrenology  in 
particular  is  accused  of  leading  to  Materialism  and 
Fatalism. 

With  Bishop  Butler,  I  most  firmly  believe  that 
'  there  is  a  much  more  exact  correspondence  be- 
tween the  natural  and  moral  world,  than  we  are 
apt  to  take  notice  of  How  indeed  should  it  be 
otherwise,  since  the  same  Creator  must  be  the 
cause  of  both  kinds  of  existences  or  entities  ? 
Whatever  is,  is,  and  must  be  considered  as  the 
will  of  our  Maker.  Phrenology,  however,  is 
most  unjustly  libelled  in  the  particulars  mentioned. 
Phrenologists  place  truth  above  every  other  con- 
sideration, but  maintain  such  propositions  only  as 
may  be  demonstrated  by  observation.  They 
show,  that  the  manifestations  of  the  mind  depend 
on  the  brain  ;  but  in  saying  that  each  of  its  facul- 
ties manifests  itself  by  means  of  a  peculiar  portion 
of  that  organ,  they  are  no  more  materialists,  than 
are  all  anatomists,  physiologists,  philosophers  and 
moralists,  who  admit  the  mind's  or  soul's  depen- 
dence on  the  whole  of  its  mass,  or  even  on  the 
whole   body.     They   do   not   maintain  that   there 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         75 

is  nothing  but  matter,  they  declare  belief  in  the 
existence  of  mind,  though  they  make  no  inquiry 
into  its  nature  ;  and  they  only  understand  by  the 
expression  organ,  an  instrument  by  means  of 
which  some  faculty  makes  itself  known.  The 
muscles  are  the  organs  of  voluntary  motion,  but 
not  the  moving  power  ;  as  the  eyes  are  the  organs 
of  sight,  but  not  the  faculty  of  seeing  :  in  the  same 
way  are  the  cerebral  parts,  the  organs  of  the  affec- 
tive and  intellectual  faculties  of  the  mind,  but  not 
the  faculties  themselves.  According  to  Phreno- 
logy, man  is  endowed  with  faculties  fitted  only  to 
observe  phenomena,  and  the  conditions  under 
which  they  exist  and  appear,  but  not  to  perceive 
either  the  beginning,  the  end,  or  the  essence  of 
any  thing  under  the  sun.  Thus  this  doctrine  leaves 
the  question  of  materialism  exactly  where  it  was. 

Phrenology,  it  is  also  said,  leads  to  fatalism. 
This  expression  has  two  meanings  ;  one  kind  of 
fatalism  implies,  that  the  nature  of  man  as  well 
as  of  every  other  created  being,  has  been 
determined  by  the  Maker  ;  that  the  primitive 
dispositions  of  vegetative  and  of  phrenic  life  are 
unequally  distributed,  that  invariable  laws  are  dic- 
tated to  man,  and  that  without  fulfilling  them,  he 
can  never  prosper  :  Phrenology  admits  this  sort  ot 


76  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

fatalism.  The  very  existence  of  man  is  indepen- 
dent of  his  will.  No  one  has  called  himself  into 
being  ;  no  one  has  determined  his  sex  ;  no  one 
has  chosen  to  be  the  eldest  or  youngest  born  ;  to 
have  come  from  strong  or  weak,  from  healthy  or 
diseased  parents  ;  to  live  under  this  or  that  system 
of  government  and  of  religious  worship  ;  no  one 
can  change  the  laws  of  nutrition  or  the  functions  of 
the  viscera  ;  what  is  poison  by  nature,  can  never 
be  changed  into  food. 

The  external  senses  are  the  effect  of  creation, 
their  functions  depend  on  positive  conditions,  and 
take  place  according  to  determinate  laws.  It  is 
impossible  to  see  as  large  that  which  is  small,  or 
to  behold  as  red  that  which  is  blue. 

In  the  same  way  Phrenology  teaches  that  the 
number  and  nature  of  the  affective  and  intellectu- 
al faculties  are  determined  by  creation,  that  their 
manifestations  depend  on  bodily  conditions,  that 
they  may  be  more  or  less  perfect  according  to  the 
existence  or  absence  of  these  conditions  ;  that  for 
this  reason  the  powers  of  the  mind  occur  distribu- 
ted of  different  degrees  of  excellence,  and  all  act 
according  to  determinate  laws.  There  are  blind, 
deaf,  or  paralytic  persons,  and  others  who  possess 
the   external  senses  m  great  perfection.     In   the 


^  USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.  11 

same  way  there  are  idiots,  and  geniuses,  and  vari- 
ous sorts  oi*  characters  among  men. 

A  certain  sort  of  fatalism  has  undoubtedly  its 
foundation  in  nature.  Hence  the  philosophers 
of  China,  Hindostan,  and  Greece,  the  eastern  and 
western  Christians,  and  the  followers  of  Mahomet, 
have  all  blended  a  certain  fatalism  with  their  reli- 
gious opinions.  Phrenology  also  teaches  fatalism 
in  so  far  as  it  exists  ;  and  such  a  doctrine  instead 
of  being  dangerous  to  man,  like  truth  in  general 
is  rather  useful.  Showing  our  nature,  and  the 
conditions  necessary  to  success  in  any  undertak- 
ing, we  may  be  disposed  to  submit  to  them,  and 
thus  to  prosper  ;  whilst  with  ignorance  and  erro- 
neous opinions  as  our  guides,  we  are  not  only 
prevented  from  aiding  our  happiness,  but  even 
bring  down  misery  upon  our  heads. 

Phrenology,  however,  includes  no  doctrine  of 
predestination,  nor  of  irresistibility  of  actions.  It 
only  recognizes  the  mental  powers  to  be  innate, 
and  dependent  on  conditions,  and  acting  accord- 
ing to  laws.  It  is  therefore  interesting  to  exam- 
ine how  fatalism  and  liberty,  are  blendid  together, 
since  both  must  be  acknowledged  in  man. 

The  faculties  are  given  to  animals  and  man, 
and  they  are  numerous,  but   all  are  not  active  at 


78  '  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

the  same  moment,  and  none  drives  irresistibly  to 
action.  Without  muscles  we  could  not  move, 
but  with  muscles  we  are  not  forced  to  walk  or  to 
dance  ;  without  eyes  we  could  not  see,  but  with 
eyes  we  are  not  compelled  to  look  at  every  thing. 
We  suppose  that  animals,  though  determinately 
endowed  with  powers,  are  free  to  act  or  not  to 
act,  else  it  would  be  the  height  of  cruelty,  to  pun- 
ish them^to  prevent  their  repeating  certain  ac- 
tions. Who  has  not  felt  that  he  has  combated 
particular  inclinations  by  other  motives  :  Neither 
in  animals  nor  in  man  then  are  actions  irresistible. 
God  in  giving  the  power  has  not  inflicted  the 
necessity. 

Let  us  now  see  to  what  extent,  and  under  what 
conditions,  animals  and  man  are  free.  Free  will 
cannot  be  unbounded  in  a  created  being,  and 
neither  divine  nor  civil  legislation  has  ever  sup- 
posed liberty  without  motives.  Such  liberty 
would  in  itself  be  contradictory,  for  there  would 
be  no  cause  for  acting  reasonably  or  unreasona- 
bly, justly  or  unjustly,  in  one  or  another  way, 
moreover  education,  moral  and  religious  precepts, 
punishment,  rewards,  &cc.  would  all  be  inefficient 
and  useless.  Were  such  absolute  liberty  recog- 
nised,  we   might   expect   indifferently    from    our 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         79 

best  friends  and  worst  enemies,  hatred  or  benev- 
olence, perfidy  or  fidelity,  hypocrisy  or  candor, 
vice  or  virtue.  On  the  other  hand,  admitting 
man  to  act  by  motives,  then  is  he  subjected  like 
the  rest  of  nature,  to  the  law  of  cause  and  effect. 
This  idea  of  liberty  has  alone  been  upheld  by 
ancient  philosophers,  such  liberty  is  alone  sup- 
posed by  morality  and  religion,  which  furnish  the 
most  noble  motives  to  man  in  the  guidance  of  his 
actions. 

Liberty  then  is  founded  on  conditions,  and  in 
consequence,  differs  in  degree  in  individuals, 
sometimes  it  is  entirely  wanting  or  suppressed, 
as  in  idiotism  and  insanity.  There  are  three  con- 
ditions necessary  to  free  will  :  1.  understanding;  for 
will  begins  with  the  perceptive  and  reflective  fac- 
ulties. In  order  to  decide  for  or  against,  or  to 
have  will,  I  must  know  what  has  occurred,  what 
will  happen,  and  I  must  compare  and  draw  infer- 
ences es  to  results.  Will  is  the  decision  of  the 
understanding,  and  this  decision  takes  place  ac- 
cording to  motives.  Now  the  will  of  man  has 
the  greatest  extent,  because  the  will  is  propor- 
tionate to  the  understanding,  and  man  acquires 
more  knowledge  than  any  other  animal  ;  he  has 
traditions,  compares  with  most  facility   the   pres- 


80  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

ent  with  the  past,  and  foresees  future  events, 
since  he  knows  the  relation  between  cause  and 
effect.  Free  will  increases  also  in  proportion  as 
the  understanding  is  cultivated. 

The  intellectual  faculties,  however,  are  not 
given  up  to  chance.  They  act  according  to  laws, 
and  cannot  decide  indistinctly  in  favor  of  every 
thing,  nor  esteem  all  motive  alike. 

Will,  then,  is  very  different  from  inclination. 
Every  mental  power  being  active  gives  desire, 
this  may  be  very  strong,  and  yet  reason  dictate 
its  contrary.  Will  and  desire  are  frequently  in 
opposition  ;  and  we  do  not  act  by  free  will,  be- 
cause we  experience  an  internal  satisfaction,  but 
solely  when  we  act  according  to  the  laws  of  re- 
flection. 

The  second  condition  to  liberty  is  a  plurality 
of  motives.  This  is  required  to  permit  a  choice 
among  them.  Now  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  strongest  motive  does  not  constitute  free  will. 
This,  as  already  stated,  requires  the  decision  of 
the  understanding,  which,  unfortunately,  is  so 
often  overpowered  by  the  feelings,  that  we  can 
seldom  flatter  ourselves  that  we  act  according  to 
its  dictates  in  opposition  to  our  inclinations. 

The   second  condition  to  liberty,  viz.,  plurality 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         81 

of  motives,  like  the  first,  varies  in  different  per- 
sons, and  establishes  different  degrees  of  free 
will. 

The  third  condition  to  liberty,  is  the  influence 
of  the  understanding  upon  the  instruments  by 
means  of  which  we  act.  The  feelings  start  into 
activity  independently  of  the  will,  but  this  can 
regulate  the  instruments  of  voluntary  motion,  the 
assistance  of  which  is  indispensable  to  outward 
deeds.  If  voluntary  motion  be  abstracted  from 
the  influence  of  the  will,  liberty  ceases.  This 
sometimes  happens  in  insanity ;  the  inclinations 
are  so  strong  that  the  understanding  loses  all  pow- 
er over  the  instruments  of  voluntary  motion. 

This  is  a  true  idea  of  liberty,  but  we  have  still 
to  define  in  what  the  morality  of  our  actions  con- 
sists. Phrenology  not  only  shows  the  plurality 
of  the  faculties,  but  also  determines  those  which 
are  common  to  man  and  animals,  and  those  which 
are  proper  and  peculiar  to  man  ;  moreover,  it 
proves  the  faculties  proper  to  man  as  superior 
to  all  the  rest  ;  and  therefore  destined  to  direct 
them  in  their  actions.  Hence,  according  to  phren- 
ological views,  natural  morality  depends  essen- 
tially on  the  faculties  proper  to  man  ;  whatever  is 
done  in  conformity  with  their  dictates,  is  morally 


82  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

good  ;  whatever  is  done    in    opposition    to    their 
voice,  is  morally  evil. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  faculties  in  themselves 
can  neither  be  called  good  nor  bad  ;  these  expres- 
sions being  applicable  only  to  their  functions. 

II. — Phrenology  is  the  true  Philosophy. 

The  very  object  of  Philosophy  is  to  specify  the 
fundamental  powers  of  the  mind.  Now  it  is  ob- 
vious, that  the  primitive  powers  admitted  in 
phrenology  differ  widely  from  those  hitherto  rec- 
ognized by  the  schools  of  philosophy  ;  and  I  may 
at  once  remark  generally,  that  all  the  notions  en- 
tertained by  philosophers  of  ancient  and  modern 
times  in  reference  to  the  mental  powers,  concern 
modified  actions  principally  or  effects  of  the  prim- 
itive powers,  such  as  they  are  established  in 
Phrenology. 

Desire,  for  instance,  is  oflen  considered  a  pri- 
mary mental  power,  whilst  Phrenology  treats  it  as 
an  effect  of  the  activity  of  e^ch  special  faculty. 
Desires,  therefore,  are  as  different,  and  as  various 
in  kind  as  the  primitive  faculties.  A  person  may 
thus  possess  one  sort  of  desire  very  strong,  and 
another  very    weak,    according  to  the  activity  of 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         B3 

the  peculiar  powers  that  desire  respectively.  One 
may  be  desirous  of  acquiring,  and  careless  of  be- 
ing conscientious  ;  one  may  desire  friendship,  with- 
out showing  anxiety  about  religious  ceremonies, 
&c. 

^.ffections,  too,  are  generally  spoken  of  as 
mental  powers,  whilst  they  are  but  different 
modes  of  the  special  faculties  being  affected. 
They  are  general,  that  is,  take  place  in  every 
primitive  I'aculty,  or  coivmon  to  several  powers, 
or  special  in  single  powers.  Pleasure  and  pain 
for  instance,  are  general  affections.  Every  facul- 
ty, being  active  and  satisfied,  is  pleased,  or  pro- 
cures pleasure  ;  and  every  faculty  being  active 
and  not  satisfied,  is  disagreeably  affected,  or  pro- 
duces pain.  Hence,  it  is  easily  understood  that 
there  are  as  many  kinds  of  pleasure  and  pain  as 
primitive  faculties  of  the  mind,  and  that  each  sort 
must  vary  in  energy  according  to  the  activity  of 
the  faculty  on  which  respectively  it  depends. 

Among  the  primary  intellectual  faculties,  phil- 
osophers commonly  reckon  aiiention.  This,  how- 
ever, is  an  error  ;  for  attention  is  the  consequence 
of  the  activity  of  the  special  intellectual  faculties, 
whether  aroused  by  their  own  inherent  powers, 
or  excited  by  a  feeling  or  by   an  impression  from 


84  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

without.  Every  faculty  being  active  attends  to 
the  object  with  which  it  is  in  relation,  and  its  ac- 
tivity accompanied  with  cognizance  is  called  at- 
tention. 

Perception^  too,  is  but  the  cognizance  of  its 
function,  which  every  intellectual  faculty  acquires. 
There  are,  therefore,  as  many  sorts  of  percep- 
tions as  special  intellectual  faculties  of  the  mind. 

Neither  is  memory  a  primitive  faculty  ;  it  is 
only  an  effect  of  a  higher  degree  of  activity  of 
every  intellectual  power,  and  consists  in  a  repro- 
duction of  previously  acquired  perceptions  or  no- 
tions. A  person  may,  therefore,  possess  an  ex- 
cellent memory  of  one  kind,  be  very  deficient  in 
another,  and  be  without  a  third  entirely.  The 
memory  of  the  faculty  of  eventuality,  in  particular, 
is  styled  reminiscence  ;  it  arises  from  the  repeti- 
tion of  the  former  perceptions  by  this  power. 

Imagination  has  two  meanings,  but  in  no  sense 
does  it  indicate  a  fundamental  power.  Each  in- 
tellectual faculty  may  act  spontaneously,  and 
search  for  the  objects  with  which  it  is  in  relation. 
This  degree  of  activity,  then  leads  to  invention, 
and  is  called  imagination  ;  there  is,  therefore,  no 
primitive  general  faculty  of  invention.  The  great 
musician  composes  by    a  particular   power,   the 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         85 

great  mechanician  invents  machines  by  special 
talents,  and  the  poet  bodies  forth  conceptions, 
and  describes  by  another  combination  of  pecuhar 
powers.  Imagination,  therefore,  considered  as 
the  faculty  of  invention,  is  as  different  as  the  men- 
tal powers  themselves. 

Imagination  is  also  employed  to  signify  exalta- 
tion, and  is  then  the  result  of  the  primitive  facul- 
ty of  ideality. 

Judgment  is  no  more  fundamental  than  percep- 
tion or  memory  ;  it  results  from  the  perfect,  or 
more  or  less  imperfect  state  of  activity  of  the  in- 
tellectual faculties  generally.  Each  of  these  is  in 
relation  to  certain  objects,  and  acts  according  to 
primitive  laws.  The  power  of  melody  is  destin- 
ed to  know  and  to  feel  the  relation  of  tones  to 
each  other.  The  result  of  the  perfect  operation  of 
this  power  is  called  good  judgment.  An  individ- 
ual, therefore,  may  possess  a  good  judgment  in 
music,  and  not  judge  the  perfect  performance  of 
other  mental  functions,  with  the  same  accuracy  ; 
he  may,  for  instance,  be  very  inferior  in  the  talent 
of  feeling  the  harmony  or  discord  of  colors. 

The  more  or  less  perfect  activity  of  the  percep- 
tive powers,  is   called  taste  as  well  as  judgment. 
Good   or  bad   taste  or    judgment  for   music,   for 
8 


86  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY 

painting,    for    architecture,    &c.    is    consequently 
spoken  of. 

^he  perfect  action  of  the  reflective  powers 
constitutes  the  true  philosophical  judgment  ;  it  is, 
however,  much  assisted  by  the  harmoniously  com- 
bined action  of  all  the  primitive  faculties,  particu- 
larly of  individuality  and  eventuality. 

Finally,  association  has  been  considered  as  a 
special  power,  whilst  it  is  merely  the  result  of  the 
mutual  influence  of  the  fundamental  faculties 
Taking  place  among  the  intellectual  functions,  the 
name  association  of  ideas,  is  applied  to  the  men- 
tal operation,  but  it  occurs  also  among  the  feel- 
ings, and  among  these  and  the  intellectual  facul- 
ties. Amativeness,  or  philoprogenitiveness,  ex- 
cites combativeness  ;  self-esteem  may  be  combin- 
ed with  firmness,  constructiveness  with  configura- 
tion, size  and  calculation.  Now  we  may  easily 
conceive  that  the  powers  which  often  act  together, 
should  be  apt  to  associate  their  activity,  that  is, 
readily  to  excite  each  other. 

From  the  few  preceding  and  very  general  re- 
marks it  may  be  inferred  that  Phrenology  is  a  new 
system  of  philosophy,  founded  on  observation 
and  induction  and  on  the  invariable  laws  of  na- 
ture. 


DOCTRIXE  ON  INSANITY.  87 


III. — Phreivology    is  the  Foundation    of  a  sound 
Doctrine  on  Insanity. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  medical   gentle- 
men are  particularly  fitted  to  decide  of  the   truth 
or   falsehood    of   Phrenology.       This    science    is 
founded  on  observations,   and  they  only    \vho    ob- 
serve, have  a  right  to  form   an  opinion.     Physi- 
cians are  neither  more  nor  less   capaciated  or   au- 
thorized to  judge  of  the    validity    of  Phrenology, 
before  they  have  gone    to    nature    and    inquired, 
than    any  other  class  of  the    community.       They, 
indeed,  generally  deserve  especial  blame  for  their 
neglect   of  this   most  important  study,  every  way 
calculated  to  bestow   honor    on   their    profession. 
They,    too,    who  in  particular  devote  themselves 
to  the   treatment  of  insanity,  ought  to  consider  it 
as  a  prime  duty  to  investigate  Phrenology,  since 
it   is   evidently  impossible  to    conceive  just  ideas 
of  pathology,  or  of  diseased  actions,  without    pre- 
vious knowledge  of  the  functions  in  a  healthy  state 
Whatever  be  the  doctrine  of  the  mental  functions 
that  is  true,  it  must  certainly  and  necessarily  pre- 
cede sound  views  on  insanity  or   mental  derange- 
ment. 


88  OUTLINES  OP  PHRENOLOGY. 

Though  this  matter  principally  concerns  the 
medical  profession,  and  is  examined  in  detail  in 
my  work  on  Insanity,  there  are,  however,  several 
points  which  may  be  interesting  to  the  inquiring 
and  intelligent  part  of  the  public,  and  that  are  par- 
ticularly important  to  judges  and  jurymen.  These 
I  shall  mention  briefly,  and  begin  with  the  ques- 
tion :  In  what  does  insanity  consist  ? 

As  insanity  deprives  individuals  of  their  social 
rights,  and  produces  inconveniences  of  the  gra- 
vest nature,  its  definition  must  be  given  in  relation 
to  medical  jurisprudence,  rather  than  to  the  heal- 
ing art.  Insanity  is  that  peculiar  state  of  the 
mind  which  is  attended  with  the  loss  of  moral  lib- 
erty. 

The  intellectual  derangements  are  the  most  ob- 
vious, but  insanity  is  not  confin  ed  to  them  ;  many 
insane  persons,  if  we  grant  their  premises,  reason 
with  perfect  consistency,  some  even  with  in- 
creased force,  so  that  one  sort  of  insanity  is 
designated  by  the  name  reasoning  insanity.  Ma- 
ny are  throughout  sane,  except  in  one  feeling. 

Insanity  is  commonly  partial  ;  it  is  very  seldom 
general.  It  is  also  intermittent  or  continued. 
The  principal  point  to  be  insisted  on  is,  that  the 
cause  of  every  sort  of  insanity  is  corporeal.     The 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY  89 

mind  being  immaterial,  cannot  ])e  conceived  to 
become  diseased  ;  it  cannot  la!!  sick  any  more 
than  it  can  die.  The  instruments  ol"  its  manifes- 
tations can  alone  be  deranged.  The  mind  itself 
is  not  considered  as  diseased  in  blindness,  or  in 
deafness,  neither  carf  it  be  so  esteemed  in  idiot- 
cy,  nor  in  any  kind  or  variety  of  insanity.  In- 
deed, all  concurs  to  prove  that  the  cause  of  men- 
tal derangement  is  corporeal. 

1.  This  complaint,  like  many  other  diseases, 
is  hereditary.  Now  hereditary  dispositions  can- 
not be  explained  by  the  transmission  of  mind 
itself,  but  they  are  easily  accounted  for  by  sup- 
posing the  propagation  of  the  corporeal  conditions 
on  which  its  manifestations  depend.  Parents 
and  guardians,  therefore,  in  disposing  of  iheir 
children  in  marriage,  ought  to  know  the  danger  of 
forming  an  alliance  with  a  family  in  which  insani- 
ty, or  any  other  hereditary  disease  prevails. 
Every  one,  it  is  true,  may  become  insane,  with- 
out having  inherited  the  disposition,  but  the  dan- 
ger with  respect  to  insanity,  as  to  every  other 
illness,  is  increased  by  an  hereditary  cause. 

It    seems  to  me  a  crime    to    conceal    insanity, 
and  to  neglect  medical    advice   in  the   beginning 
when  the   disease   may  generally  be  cured,  and  to 
8* 


90  OUTLINES  OP  PHRENOLOGY. 

let  a  become  incurable.  It  is  a  horrible  preju- 
dice to  conceive  that  insanity  is  any  disgrace. 
It  is  no  disgrace,  it  is  the  most  lamentable  of  all 
the  host  of  diseases  to  which  man  is  liable.  If 
other  hereditary  complaints  of  a  pulmonary,  cu- 
taneous, or  urinary  nature,  for  instance,  be  taken 
care  of,  insanity,  or  cerebral  illness,  certainly  the 
most  dreadful  affliction  of  all,  should  not  be  neg- 
lected 

2.  Another  proof  that  insanity  is  a  corporeal 
disease,  lies  in  the  fact  of  its  depending  on  age. 
Very  young  and  very  old  people  are  less  exposed 
to  become  insane  than  middle-aged  persons  in 
whom  the  cerebral  organization  is  the  most  active, 
this  is  between  the  twentieth  and  fortieth  year. 

3.  Insanity  is  more  frequent  in  women  than  in 
men.  The  cause  certainly  cannot  be  ascribed  to 
their  minds. 

4.  Insanity  is  influenced  by  climate,  season, 
and  weather ;  its  remissions  and  exacerbations 
correspond  with  the  changes  of  the  atmospheric 
temperature  ;  hence,  the  disease  depends  on  cor- 
poreal causes. 

5.  All  that  excites,  weakens,  or  disturbs  the 
general  bodily  health,  especially  the  nervous  sys- 
tem,  influences  the  manifestations   of  the  mind. 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.  91 

Disorders  of  the  digestive  functions,  intoxication, 
early  dissipation,  pregnancy,  bad  practices,  and 
other  circumstances  that  act  solely  on  the  organ- 
ization, frequently  derange  the  functions  of  the 
mind,  and  produce  insanity. 

6.  Insanity  is  often  accompanied,  or  alternates 
with  corporeal  diseases.  The  insane  often  com- 
plain of  noises  in  the  ears,  of  habitual  headache, 
of  pain  over  the  eyes,  a  sense  of  weight,  stricture 
and  numbness  across  the  forehead,  of  dizziness, 
of  indigestion,  &c.  Insanity  sometimes  alter- 
nates with  intermittent  fever,  with  epilepsy,  &c.  ; 
hence,  it  must  be  considered  as  a  disease  of  the 
organization. 

7.  The  sleep  is  often  disturbed  in  insanity,  and 
sleep  is  dependent  on  corporeal  causes.  Insane, 
as  other  patients,  are  frequently  sleepless. 

8.  Finally,  the  course  of  insanity,  its  begin- 
ning, intermittency,  periodical  exacerbations  and 
remissions,  prove  its  dependency  on  corporeal 
causes. 

Much  has  been  done  to  improve  the  condition 
of  the  insane,  but  still  more  will  be  effective  for 
their  advantage,  as  soon  as  Phrenology  is  gener- 
ally understood.  Then  the  monstrous  error, 
founded  on  ignorance,  to  say  that  insanity  is  a  dis- 


92  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

ease  of  the  mind  and  a  disgrace,  and  to  suppose 
that  it  is  beyond  the  reach  of  the  healing  art,  will 
be  abandoned.  Then,  too,  will  a  good  medical 
treatment  be  thought  of,  and  all  the  common  con- 
siderations upon  pathology  will  be  applied  to  in- 
sanity. 


IV. — Phrenology  guides  our  Judgment  in 
SOCIAL  Intercourse. 

Phrenology  affords  an  exposition  of  human 
nature  generally  ;  it  therefore  rectifies  the  errors 
commonly  committed  in  judging  of  others.  Each 
takes  his  own  nature  as  the  measure  of  his  likings 
or  aversions,  of  his  praise  or  his  blame  ;  but  Phre- 
nology founds  all  judgment  on  the  knowledge  of 
human  nature  at  large.  It  proves  that  the  dispo- 
sitions of  all  though  essentially  the  same,  still  dif- 
fer in  degrees  ;  that  some  accordingly  are  slender- 
ly gifted  with  talents,  and  others  endowed  with  ge- 
nius ;  that  no  two  individuals  agree  precisely,  in 
their  modes  of  feeling  and  thinking  ;  hence  that 
none  has  a  right  to  take  himself  as  the  standard 
of  mankind.     Phrenologists  compassionate  men- 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         93 

tal  as  well  as  bodily  defects,  idiotism  and  imbeci- 
lity, as  well  as  deafness  and  blindness.  They  de- 
ny personal  immunities  and  privileges,  treat  eve- 
ry one  with  equal  indulgence,  and  like  severity. 
They  assert,  that  actions  universally  should  be  in 
harmony  with  the  powers  proper  to  man,  the  an- 
imal faculties  remaining  auxiliary  and  subordinate. 
Notwithstanding  the  endless  modifications  of 
mental  faculties  there  exists  a  natural  sympathy 
between  certain  individuals,  while  there  are  oth- 
ers who  feel  a  mutual  antipathy  or  aversion  to 
each  other.  The  principles  of  natural  sympathy 
and  antipathy  are  simple  :  each  faculty  when  active 
desires,  and  being  satisfied,  procures  pleasure, 
hence,  every  one  likes,  or  sympathizes  with  those 
in  whose  society  his  active  faculties  find  their  grati- 
fication, or  else  he  dislikes  or  feels  antipathy  for 
others,  who  obstruct  him  in  the  satisfaction  of  his 
powers.  The  more  numerous  and  energetic  the 
active  faculties  are,  the  greater  is  the  sympathy  or 
antipathy  according  as  they  are  satisfied  or  not. 


94  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY 


V. — Phrenology  is  the  basis  of  Education. 

The  friends  of  mankind  cannot  be  satisfied  with 
their  general  condition,  either  as  their  physical, 
moral  or  intellectual  parts  are  implicated.  Much 
has  been  attempted  to  improve  the  human  race, 
but  it  is  a  lamentable  truth  that  hitherto,  edu- 
cation has  effected  far  less  than  would  have 
been  desirable^  Now  either  the  human  kind  can- 
not be  perfected,  or  if  it  can,  the  true  means  of 
attaining  the  end  have  not  been  employed.  Let  it 
first  be  understood,  in  what  the  perfectibility  of 
mankind  consists.  Man  can  never  be  deprived 
of  a  primitive  power  or  made  to  acquire  another  ; 
Phrenology  admits  one  species  of  man,  endowed 
with  a  certain  number  of  fundamental  powers;  but 
these  individually  are  more  or  less  active  in  differ- 
ent races  or  in  diflerent  individuals  of  the  same 
race.  Now  the  activity  of  the  special  powers 
may  be  increased  or  diminished,  and  their  actions 
regulated;  and  to  this,  the  perfectibility  of  man  is 
confined. 

I  think  the  great  causes  to  which  failure  of  all 
attempts  at  improvement  may  be  ascribed,  is  the 
isnorance   of  human  nature  ;  in  other   words,  the 


USEFULNESS  OF  PHRENOLOGY.         95 

inconceivable  error  of  considering  the  minds  of 
children  as  blank  paper,  on  which  every  impres- 
sion may  be  stamped  ;  and  the  unpardonable  ne- 
glect of  the  natural  laws  of  propagation.  The 
whole  system  of  education  will  be  changed  in 
proportion  as  the  nature  of  man  becomes  known. 
It  will  then  be  perceived  that  he  must  be  perfect- 
ed like  every  other  created  being,  under  the  gui- 
dance of  experience,  or  by  following  the  lights  of 
observation  and  induction. 

The  education  of  man  comprehends  all  that 
conducts  to  the  cultivation  of  his  nature;  that  is, 
the  faculties  of  his  body  and  of  his  mind,  from  the 
moment  of  conception  to  that  of  death,  in  the 
healthy  and  diseased  state. 

Education,  as  applied  to  the  body  is  called  phy- 
sical, to  the  mind  it  is  styled  moral.  As,  how- 
ever, the  mental  manifestations  depend  on  the 
body,  its  influence  must  be  examined  in  reference 
to  moral  functions.  In  my  work  on  Education, 
I  pass  over  this  division  to  speak  of  the  conditions 
which  contribute  to  the  greater  or  less  activity  of 
the  body  and  of  the  mind,  and  to  examnie  into 
the  means  of  directing  the  powers  to  a  certain 
aim. 

The   principal   points,    considered   in    the    first 


95  OUTLINES  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

section,  are  the  laws  of  propagation;  of  the  vege- 
tative functions  ;  of  exercise;  and  those  of  the  mu- 
tual influence  of  the  fundamental  powers.     In  the 
second  section  I  examined  the  importance  of  mor- 
ality; and  shewed  that  every  power  tends  to  ac- 
tion; that  there  is  no  action  without  motive;  an 
that  the  innate  powers  essentially  the  same,  bui. 
different  in  degrees,  and  modified  in  both  sexes 
should  be  attended  to.     I  came  to  the  final  con- 
clusion that,  if  the  true  means  of  excitement  ana 
those  of  direction  be  employed,  arts  and  science 
might    be    improved,  moral    evil   be   diminished, 
and  mankind  in  general  be  brought  nearer  their 
destination. 


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